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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alkanes |
CnH2n + 2 Saturated hydrocarbons - each C atom bonded to 4 other atoms; all c to c atoms are single bonds |
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Alkenes |
CnH2n Unsaturated hydrocarbons, not ever C atom is bonded to 4 other atoms; they contain c = c double bonds. |
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Alcohols |
CnH2n + OH Not hydrocarbons as they contain oxygen Have an alcohol group - O - H (OH-) |
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Solubility |
- Alkanes & Alkenes are all insoluble in water - Methanol & ethanol are both soluble in water |
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Covalent Bonding |
- It occurs when NON METALS atoms bond with each other - They form when non metal atom SHARE electrons - Because carbon need 4 more electrons it forms 4x covalent bonds |
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Fermintation |
- Conditions: Yeast acts as a catalyst, needs a warm temp ( 25 - 35'C ), tack of oxygen - Glucose molecules are covered by enzymes in yeast, into ethanol + carbon dioxide molecules - C6H12O6 --------> 2C2H5OH + 2Co2 |
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Combustion |
- The reaction of a fuel with oxygen producing heat + light - Alcohols, Alkanes, Alkenes are all flammable - Alkanes &alcohols are useful fuels - Alkenes are made into plastic so are valuable |
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Complete Combustion |
- Fuel usually burns with a blue or invisible flame - All fuel is converted to form carbon dioxide and water Fuel + Oxygen ----> Carbon dioxide + water |
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Incomplete Combustion |
- Burns with a yellow, sooty flame - less heat produced - not enough O2 for all the carbon atoms to turn to CO2 fuel + limited ----> carbon And/Or Carbon + water oxygen (soot) Monoxide |
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Crude Oil |
A mixture of hydrocarbon molecules of different sizes |
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Fractional Distillation Process |
- Hydrocarbons of different molecular masses have different B.P - Crude oil is heated and the vapour enters the tower - Fractions with larger, heavier hydrocarbons - more C atoms (with higher B.P) condense into a liquid lower down the tower - Fractions with smaller, lighter hydrocarbons - less C atoms ( with lower B.P) rise up the tower and condense near the top. |
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Fractional Distillation compounds (lightest to heaviest) |
Petrol: Transportation fuels, fuel oils for heating & electricity generation (20 -70'C) Naphtha: Dilute heavy oil to make it move through pipelines. lighter fluid (70 - 120'C) Kerosene: Jet fuel, commonly used as cooking &lighting fuel (120 - 170'C) Diesel: Fuel for diesel engines (170 - 230'C) Oils: Fuel for ships, power stations (above 350'C) Bitumen: Asphalt road construction where it acts as the glue, waterproofing (roofs) |
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Melting & Boiling Points |
As the number of C atoms rises, the mass of the molecules increases AND melting & boiling points rise. More energy is needed to separate particles (melting) and / or for particles to escape the liquid state (boiling) |
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Methanol synthesis |
Step 1:Methane is converted into syngas (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen) by reacting it with steam at 800'C and 40atm of pressure in the pressure of a nickel catalyst Methane + water ---> CO + CO2 + H2 Step 2: Syngas is turned to methanol. It is passed over a Cu - Zn catalyst at a lower temperature. CO+CO2+H2 --> methanol + water + hydrogen |
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Polymers |
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