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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbohydrates |
Most abundant organic compounds in the plant world |
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"Hydrates of Carbon" |
Other term of Carbohydrates |
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Cellulose |
Carbohydrates in plants |
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Chitin |
Carbohydrates in Crustacean Shells |
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Acidic Polysaccharides |
Carbohydrates of the components of connective tissues in animals |
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D-ribose & 2-deoxy-D-ribose |
Carbohydrates of Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates |
They originate as products of photosynthesis |
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Photosynthesis |
Endothermic reductive condensation of carbon dioxide requiring light energy and the pigment chlorophyll |
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Cn(H2O)m |
Carbohydrates is derived from this formula |
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Hemiacetal |
Hemiacetal Functional Group |
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Aldehyde Functional Group |
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Ketone Functional Group |
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Carbonyl Group |
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Saccharides |
Simpler members of the CHO family |
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Saccharum |
Latin word for sugar |
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Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, Xylose |
(4) Common Monosaccharides |
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Glucose & Galactose |
Monosaccharides that are aldoses |
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Glucose, Galactose, Fructose |
(3) Monosaccharides that are hexoses |
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Fructose |
(1) example of a ketose monosaccharide |
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Xylose |
An example of common pentose monosaccharide |
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Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose |
(3) Examples of Disaccharides |
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Sucrose |
Glucose + Fructose |
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Lactose |
Glucose + Galactose |
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Maltose |
Glucose + Glucose |
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Amylose & Amylopectin (Starch) Glycogen & Cellulose (Non-Starch) |
(4) Common Polysaccharides |
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Monosaccharides |
Contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit |
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Disaccharide |
Contains two monosaccharides units covalently bonded to each other |
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Oligosaccharides |
Contains two to ten monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other |
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Polysaccharide |
Contains many monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other |
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Acetal |
A functional group that has (2) -OR groups |
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Hemiacetal |
A functional group that has (1) -OR group and (1) -OH group |
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Acetal |
A functional group that can be converted into aldehyde / ketone |
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"-ose" |
Suffix that indicates that a molecule is a carbohydrate |
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Hexose |
Six - carbon monosaccharide |
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Pentose |
Five - carbon monosaccharide |
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Aldose |
Monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group |
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Ketose |
Monosaccharides containing a ketone group |
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"-ulose" |
A suffix that indicates that it is a ketose |
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Trioses |
Smallest Monosaccharides |
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Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone |
What are the (2) trioses? |
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D-Glyceraldehyde |
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Dihydroxyacetone |
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Fischer Projection |
Two-dimensional representation to show the configuration of carbohydrates |
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2,3-dihydroxypropanal |
IUPAC name for Glyceraldehyde |
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1,3-dihydroxypropanone |
IUPAC name for Dihydroxyacetone |
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Emil Fischer |
Who proposed the D,L system |
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1891 |
When did Emil Fischer proposed the D,L system? |
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Enantiomer |
One of two stereoisomers that are non-superimposable complete mirror images of each other |
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Chiral center farthest from the carbonyl group (Penultimate Carbon) |
What is the reference point in a D- or L- Monosaccharide? |
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Penultimate Carbon |
Chiral center that is always next to the last carbon on the chain |
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D-Monosaccharide (Dextrorotatory) |
A monosaccharide that has -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the right |
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L-Monosaccharide (Levorotatory) |
A monosaccharide that has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the left |
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D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose |
Most abundant hexoses (3) |
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Glucose |
Most common hexose |
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Glucose |
"Dextrose" |
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Glucose |
"Grape Sugar" |
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Glucose |
"Blood Sugar" |
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Glucose |
Synthesized in Photosynthesis (by chlorophyll-containing plants using sunlight as a source of energy) |
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1) Carbon Dioxide 2) Water 3) Energy/Sunlight 4) Chlorophyll 5) Glucose 6) Oxygen |
What are the (6) ingredients of Photosynthesis? |
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D-fructose |
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D-Glucose |
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D-Galactose |
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Sucrose |
"Table Sugar" |
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Lactose |
"Milk Sugar" |
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D-ribose |
Monosaccharide in RNA |
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2-deoxy-D-ribose |
Monosaccharide in DNA |
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Ketotriose (Triuloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is Dihydroxyacetone? |
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Ketotetrose (Tetruloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is D-erythrulose? |
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Ketopentoses (Pentuloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is D-ribulose? |
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Ketopentoses (Pentuloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is D-xylulose? |
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Ketohexoses (Hexuloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is D-psicose? |
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Ketohexoses (Hexuloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is D-fructose? |
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Ketohexoses (Hexuloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is D-sorbose? |
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Ketohexoses (Hexuloses) |
What kind of Aldose or Ketose is D-tagatose? |
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Haworth Projection |
Two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic monosaccharide |
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Position of the terminal CH2OH group on the highest-number ring carbon atom |
In Haworth Projection, where is the D or L form of a monosaccharide determined? |
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Above the Ring |
In Haworth Projection, where is the terminal CH2OH positioned in a D-Monosaccharide? |
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Below the ring |
In Haworth Projection, where is the terminal CH2OH positioned in a L-Monosaccharide? |
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alpha or beta configuration |
It is determined by the position of the -OH group on carbon 1 relative to the CH2OH group that determines the D or L series |
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Beta-Monosaccharide |
A monosaccharide that the -OH on the anomeric carbon lies on the same side of the ring as the terminal -CH2OH |
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Alpha-Monosaccharide |
A Monosaccharide that the -OH on the anomeric carbon lies on the side of the ring opposite from the terminal -CH2OH |
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Amino Sugars |
A monosaccharide in which an -OH group is replaced by an -NH2 group |
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D-Galactosamine |
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D-Mannosamine |
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D-Glucosamine |
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N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine |
Derivative of D-Glucosamine |
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D-Glucosamine |
An Amino Sugar that is a component of many polysaccharides including chitin |
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Colorless, Crystalline Solids, Sweet to the Taste |
Color, Type of Matter and Taste of Monosaccharides |
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Soluble in Polar (Water) Insoluble in Non Polar (Slightly Soluble in Ethanol) |
Solubility of Monosaccharides |
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Hemiacetals |
Formed when the aldehydes or ketones react with alcohols |
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Furanose (-Furan) |
5-membered ring |
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-Pyran (Pyranose) |
6-membered ring |
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Acetal |
Yields when hemiacetal is treated with one molecule of alcohol |
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Glycoside |
A carbohydrate in which the -OH group on its anomeric carbon is replace by an -OR group |
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Glycosidic Bond |
A bond form between the hydroxyl group of a carbohydrate with the hydroxyl group of another carbohydrate |
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Glycosidic Bond |
Bond from the anomeric carbon of a glycoside to an -OR group |
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Glycosidic Bond |
Can be N-linked or O-linked |
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Reduction to Alditiols |
Carbonyl group is reduced to an hydroxyl group by a variety of reducing agents, including hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and sodium borohydride - alditols |
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Xylitol |
Used as a sweetening agent in sugarless products |
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Sorbitol |
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D-Mannitol |
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Erythritol |
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Oxidation to Aldonic Acids (Reducing Sugars) |
Aldehyde group of an aldose can be oxidized, under basic conditions, to a carboxylate group |
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Oxidation to Uronic Acids |
Enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of the primary alcohol at carbon 6 of a hexose yields a uronic acid |
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Phosphoric Esters |
Important in the metabolism of Monosaccharides |
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Sucrose |
Most abundant Disaccharides |
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Sucrose |
Obtained principally from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beets |
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Alpha-1,2-glycosidic bond |
Bond between carbon 1 of alpha-D-glucopyranose and carbon 2 of beta-D-fructofuranose in sucrose |
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Lactose |
Principal sugar present in milk |
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Beta-1,4-glycosidic bond |
Bond between D-galactopyranose and carbon 4 of D-glucopyranose |
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Maltose |
Derive its name from the juice of sprouted barley and other cereal grains |
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Maltose |
Consist of 2 units of D-glucopyranose joined by a glycosidic acid between carbon 1 of one unit and carbon 4 of the other unit |
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Sucrose |
A disaccharide that has no isomers |
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Lactose and Maltose |
(2) disaccharides that contains a hemiacetal group and can exist in alpha and beta anomeric forms |
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Fructose |
Sweetest Sugar |
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Lactose |
A sugar that has almost no sweetness and is sometimes added to food as filler |
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Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin) |
Used for energy storage in plants |
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Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin) |
Its complete hydrolysis yields only D-Glucose |
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Amylose |
Composed of continuous, unbranched chains of as many as 4000 D-glucose units joined by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds |
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Amylopectin |
Contains chains of as many as 10,000 D-glucose units joined by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds and branched by new chains of 24-30 units at alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds |
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Amylose |
Makes up about 20% of starch |
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Glycogen |
Acts as the energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals |
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Chitin |
Second most abundant sugar |
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Chitin |
Gives rigidity to the exoskeleton of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects and other arthropods |
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Chitin |
Found in the cell walls of fungi |
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Chitin |
Contain both glycosidic linkages and amine bonds - can be broken down by hydrolysis |
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N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine |
Monosaccharide of Chitin |
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Chitin |
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Heparin |
Highly-sulfated polysaccharide with only 15-90 disaccharide residues per chain |
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15-90 Residues |
How many disaccharide residues does heparin have? |
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D-glucuronate-2-sulfate |
Sulfate-derivative of D-glucuronate |
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N-Sulfo-D-Glucosamine-6-Sulfate |
Doubly sulfated derivative of D-Glucosamine |
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1) D-Glucuronate-2-sulfate 2) N-sulfo-D-Glucosamine-6-sulfate |
(2) Monosaccharides of Heparin |
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Hyaluronic Acid |
Contains alternating residues of N-acetyl-Beta-D-Glucosamine and D-Glucoronate |
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1) N-Acetyl-Beta-D-Glucosamine 2) D-Gluconate |
(2) Monosaccharides of Hyaluronic Acid |
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Hyaluronic Acid |
Product when the CH2OH group of glucose is oxidized to a -COOH group |
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Hyaluronic Acid |
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C6H12O6 |
Formula of Monosaccharides |
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C12H22O11 |
Formula of Disaccharides |
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Glycogen |
Carbohydrate storage that provides a short-term energy reserve |
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16 |
Relative Sweetness of Lactose |
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32.1 |
Relative Sweetness of Galactose |
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32.1 |
Relative Sweetness of Galactose |
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32.5 |
Relative Sweetness of Maltose |
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74.3 |
Relative Sweetness of Glucose |
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100 |
Relative Sweetness of Sucrose |
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173 |
Relative Sweetness of Fructose |
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Muscle and Liver |
Where is the Glycogen stored? (2) |
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Cellulose |
Non-digestible Carbohydrate |
