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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bone as a tissue
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connective tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals (calcium phosphate)
individual bones consist of bone tissue, marrow, blood, cartilage and periosteum continually remodels itself |
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functions of the skeletal system
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support, protection, movement, electrolyte balances, acid-base balance and blood formation
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shapes of bones
classifications of bone by gross anatomy |
a) long - ulna, radius, femur, phalanges
b) short - carpals, tarsals c) flat - scapula, sternum, skull d) irregular - vertebra e) sesamoid - patella _) wormian |
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long bones
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identify A
levers acted upon by muscles In general consists of a shaft with heads at either end. Composed predominantly of compact bone. Ex: femur and phalanges |
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short bones
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identify B
glide across one another in multiple directions Cube shaped. Contain more spongy bone than compact bone. Ex: tarsals and carpals |
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flat bones
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identify C
protect soft organs Thin, with two layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between them. Many are curved. Ex: bones of the skull |
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irregular bones
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identify D
Bones that do not fall into one of the preceding categories. Ex: vertebrae |
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sesamoid bones
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identify E
Special types of short bones formed in tendons. Ex: patella |
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wormian (sutural) bones
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Tiny bones between cranial bones.
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classifications of bone by texture
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compact bone and spongy bone
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compact bone
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smooth and homogeneous
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spongy bone
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composed of small trabeculae (bars) of bone and lots of open space
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diaphysis
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shaft
cylinder of compact bone marrow cavity (medullary cavity) lined with endosteum (osteogenic cells and reticular connective tissue) |
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periosteum
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identify F
covers the shaft outer fibrous layer of collagen inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells fibrous membrane covering |
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perforating (Volkmann's) canals
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Run into compact bone and marrow cavity from the
periosteum, at the right angles of the shaft. Complete the communication pathway between the bone interior and its external surface. |
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medullary cavity
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identify D
central cavity of the shaft |
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yellow marrow
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identify E
located in the medullary cavity adipose tissue |
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red marrow
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identify B
located in the medullary cavity Where red blood cells are formed. In adult, occupies spaces b/w trabeculae of spongy bone, to the interior of the epiphyses. |
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endosteum
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identify H
Lines inside of the shaft, trabeculae of spongy bone, and canals of compact bone. Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts. |
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epiphysis
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enlarged ends of the bone
spongy bone covered by compact bone enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments The end of long bone. Thin layer of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between. |
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articular cartilage
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identify A and L
Covers epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum. covers the joint surface |
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epiphyseal plate
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precursor to C and K
growth plate Thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth. |
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epiphyseal lines
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identify C and K
Remnants of the epiphyseal plate, after the bone has stopped growing. |
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osteon (haversian system)
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identify E
central canal and all the concentric lamellae |
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central canal
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identify C
runs parallel to long axis of the bone, carries blood-, nerves- and lymph vessels |
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osteocytes
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mature bone cells, spider-like appearance; located within the lacunae (B)
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lacunae
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identify B
chambers which houses osteocytes |
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lamella
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concentric circles, surrounding canal, houses lacuna and osteocytes
(think tree rings) |
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canaliculi
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identify D
tiny canals radiating outward from the central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella, connects to nutrient supply |
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endoskeleton characteristics
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An internal supporting skeleton
Derived from the mesoderm. Enclosed in other tissues Composed of mineralized tissues such as bone and cartilage |
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exoskeleton characteristics
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A rigid external covering
Composed of chitin, calcium carbonate, bone, cartilage, and/or dentine Ecdysis (molting) |
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endoskeleton functions
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Support & protection as internal framework
Provides system of levers with which skeletal muscles work to move the body Bones store lipids & minerals (calcium) Site for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) |
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exoskeleton functions
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Protection
Excretion Sensory Support Defend from pests and predators Act as a barrier against desiccation Provide an attachment framework for muscles |
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mandible (lower jaw)
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identify A
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vertebral column
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identify M
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pectoral girdle
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consists of the clavicle and scapula
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clavicle
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identify B
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scapula
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identify C
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upper appendages
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humerus
ulna radius phalanges |
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humerus
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identify D
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ulna
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identify F
longer, inner bone |
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radius
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identify E
shorter, on the thumb side |
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phalanges
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identify G
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lower appendages
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os coxae
femur fibula tibia phalanges |
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os coxae (hip bone)
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identify L
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femur
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identify K
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fibula
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identify H
small bone |
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tibia
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identify I
large bone |
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phalanges
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identify J
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mandible
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identify C
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vertebral column
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identify A
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clavicle
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identify D
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scapula
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identify B
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humerus
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identify E
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ulna
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identify F
long bone |
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radius
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identify G
short bone |
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phalnges
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identify H
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os coxae
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identify M
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femur
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identify L
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fibula
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identify K
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tibula
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identify J
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phanges
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identify I
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mandible
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identify A
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vertebral column
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identify K - fused with plastron
identify M - cervical |
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clavicle
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forms the plastron
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scapula
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identify L
located inside the rib cage |
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humerus
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identify B
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ulna
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identify C
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radius
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identify D
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phalanges
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identify E
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os coxae
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identify J
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femur
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identify F
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fibula
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identify G
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tibia
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identify H
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phalnages
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identify I
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