Cap Lab 2 (1) Integumentary System

Front 1

integumentary system

Back 1

includes the skin and its derivatives such as glands, hair, feathers, claws, and scales
largest organ (15% of body weight)
thickness variable, normally 1-2mm; dermis may thicken up to 6mm; stratum corneum layer increased (calluses on hands and feet)

Front 2

2 layers of the skin

Back 2

the epidermis (outer stratified epithelium) and dermis (underlying connective tissue); separated by a non-cellular basement membrane

Front 3

epidermis

Back 3

identify C
stratified epithelium w/ mitotically active basal layer

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
avascular, no blood vessels

Front 4

functions of the integumentary system

Back 4

protection environment, UV rays, microbial pathogens
water and heat loss regulation, metabolic reactions
excretory system
vitamin D synthesis
location of cutaneous sense organs

Front 5

hypodermis

Back 5

(identify E)
subcutaneous tissue / superficial fascia
mostly adipose tissue
hypodermic injections (subQ)
highly vascular

Front 6

cell types of the epidermis

Back 6

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

Front 7

keratinocytes

Back 7

most abundant
tightly connected by desmosomes
produce keratin fibrils

Front 8

melanocytes

Back 8

produce melanin pigment

melanin production increases when skin is exposed to sunlight, to protect DNA inside cells nuclei from UV induced mutations

Front 9

langerhans cells

Back 9

play a role in immunity

Front 10

merkel cells

Back 10

in conjunction with sensory nerve endings, form Merkel disks (touch receptors) at epidermal juntion

Front 11

keratin

Back 11

fibrous protein that give epidermis its durability and protective capabilities

Front 12

layers of the epidermis (top to bottom)

Back 12

stratum corneum (horny layer)
stratum lucidum (clear layer)
stratum granulosum (granular layers)
- lamellated granules
- keratohyaline granules
stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
stratum basale (basal layer)

Front 13

stratum corneum (horny layer)

Back 13

(identity A)
outermost 20-30 layers of keratinized dead cells. These cells constantly rubbing of and are being replaced by division of deeper cells.

consisting of dead keratinized cells.
* Does not ensure water loss across the skin.

Front 14

stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Back 14

(identity B)
Flattened dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries. Not present in regions of thin skin.

Front 15

lamellated granules

Back 15

located in the stratum granulosum
contain waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular space.

Front 16

keratohyaline granules

Back 16

located in the stratum granulosum
Combine with the intermediate filaments in the more superficial layers to form keratin fibrils.

Front 17

Stratum germinativum

Back 17

mitotically active basal layer to replace sheets that are constantly shed

Front 18

stratum granulosum (granular layers)

Back 18

(identity C)
where keratinization begins
thin layer, cells contain abundance of granules.
- lamellated granules
- keratohyaline granules

Front 19

stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

Back 19

(identity D
)Several layers superficial to the basal layer. Cells contain web- like bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin protein. Cells undergo rapid cell division. This is the last layer after stratum basale to receive adequate nourishment via diffusion, of nutrients from the dermis. As the daughter cells are pushed away toward the top layers, they gradually die.

Front 20

stratum basale (basal layer)

Back 20

(identity E)
Single row of cells immediately adjacent to the dermis. Cells constantly undergo mitotic division to produce millions of new cells. Up to 25% of the cells are melanocytes.

Front 21

dermis

Back 21

connective tissue layer

consists of the papillary layer and reticular layer

Front 22

papillary layer

Back 22

- Superficial dermal region
- Areolar loose connective tissue
- Dermal papillae
- Abundance of capillary networks
- Free nerve endings – pain receptors
- Meissner’s corpuscles – touch receptors
- Regions of the Dermis

Front 23

reticular layer

Back 23

- Deepest skin layer
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Vascularized
- Sudoriferous (Sweat) glands
- Sebaceous (Oil) glands
- Pacinian corpuscles – pressure receptors

Front 24

dermal papillae

Back 24

uneven with fingerlike projections

*Finger prints – unique pattern of epidermal regions that remain unchanged throughout life.

Front 25

integumentary derivatives

Back 25

claws, horns, antlers, scales, feathers, hair
glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous, eccrine, apocrine)

Front 26

claws

Back 26

Present in all vertebrate phyla, but rare in amphibians

Front 27

horns

Back 27

Non-shedded, bone covered with a keratinized sheath

Front 28

antlers

Back 28

Shedded, bones which are covered with blood vessels (“velvet”) when first formed

Front 29

scales

Back 29

Derived from ancient armor-like coating known as “Ostracoderms”

Front 30

hair

Back 30

Originate in epidermis, but sink to dermis,

Front 31

vibrissae

Back 31

specialized sensory hairs (whiskers)

Whiskers, tactile hairs. Most common in nocturnal mammals.

Front 32

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Back 32

found all over the skin, except for palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Ducts usually empty into the hair follicle, or directly on the skin.

(sebum, blackheads, and acne)

Front 33

sebum

Back 33

from sebaceous (oil) glands
mixture of oil and fragmented cells, that act as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist, and hair from becoming brittle

Front 34

blackheads

Back 34

from sebaceous (oil) glands
accumulation of dried sebum, bacteria, and melanin in the duct

Front 35

acne

Back 35

from sebaceous (oil) glands
active inflammation of sebaceous glands

Front 36

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Back 36

widely distributed all over the skin.

Pores – epithelial openings
eccrine and apocrine glands

Front 37

pores

Back 37

epithelial openings that permit glandular excretions

Front 38

eccrine glands

Back 38

produce clear perspiration consisting primarily of water, salts, and urea. Under control of the nervous system, part of the bodies heat regulating apparatus

Front 39

apocrine glands

Back 39

axillary and genital areas. Secrete milky protein and fat-rich substance, also water, salts and urea, (nutrient source for microorganisms found on the skin)

Front 40

integumentary system characteristics (dogfish)

Back 40

mucous cells - produce toxins associated w/ fin spines
sensory cells - lateral line
dermis - connective tissue
melanophores - affect skin color
placoid scales

Front 41

placoid scales (dogfish)

Back 41

derived from the epidermis and dermis, embedded in the dermis

made of a bony base > dentin > spine > pulp cavity

Front 42

integumentary system characteristics (mudpuppy)

Back 42

skin is a respiratory organ in amphibians (must be kept moist)
mucus gland
poison gland
chromatophores

Front 43

poison gland

Back 43

common in amphibians, modified mucus gland

Front 44

chromatophores

Back 44

give amphibians their specific color and skin patterns

Front 45

stratum spongiosum

Back 45

connective tissue in the dermis

Front 46

stratum compactum

Back 46

heavily infiltrated with collagen fibers, in the dermis

Front 47

integumentary system characteristics (mammal)

Back 47

thick skin
cat dermis is thicker than the epidermis but not well stratified
connective tissue
nictitating membrane
vibrassea

Front 48

connective tissue

Back 48

in the dermis, contains fibers, adipose tissue, blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair, Epidermal Derivatives

Front 49

nictitating membrane

Back 49

Transparent eyelid that can be drawn across the eye for protection and lubrication while maintaining visibility

Front 50

skin pigmentation

Back 50

hemoglobin - red pigment of red blood cells
carotene - yellow pigment (concentrates in the stratum corneum and fat)
melanin - yellow, brown and black hues (pigment synthesis stimulated by UV radiation)

Front 51

cutaneous glands

Back 51

located in the dermis
apocrine, sebaceous, merocrine glands

Front 52

structure of a hair follicle

Back 52

epithelial root sheath
connective tissue root sheath
hair receptors entwine each follicle
piloerector muscle - goose bumps, raises hair