Cancer

Front 1

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue

Back 1

cover, absorb, and secrete. no blood vessels, nutrients pass through basement membrane. simple or stratified (multi layer). squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar. have different forms, cell junctions, apical modifications (microvilli, cilia)

Front 2

What does it mean for a cell to be polarized?

Back 2

allows cells to have secretion and absorption in compartments, interact with ECM at special points of contact

Front 3

what's the purpose of ECM?

Back 3

fibers (collagen and elastin supports)
ground substance (holds water in tissue)
cells (produce ground substance)

Front 4

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant neoplasia?

Back 4

benign: localized, can't spread, excision possible, arise from single mutation w growth advantage
malignant: invade and destroy adjacent tissue, spread to other organs (metastasis, to cause death.

Front 5

histological features that differentiate benign and a malignant neoplasia

Back 5

benign: well circumscribed, usually, encapsulated. small, uniform cells, no visible nucleoli. encapsulated and cannot invade or spread to other sites.
malignant: poorly circumscribed, lack polarity&epithelial cell connections. large pleomorphic cells w hyperchromatic nuclei (1:1 ratio when usually 1:4). large nucleoli, irregular nuclear outlines. not encapsulated and can invade.

Front 6

what's differentiation?How does it relate to neoplasia prognosis?

Back 6

refers to original cell or tissue appearance and function.
benign: well differentiated, resembles cell of origin w few mitoses, secretion of products, hormones, etc.
malignant: well to poorly differentiated with numerous bizarre mitoses.

Front 7

anaplasia

Back 7

cells do not resemble tissue of origin. undifferentiated

Front 8

dysplasia

Back 8

disordered cell maturation, cells don't mature base to surface.

caused by disruption, mutation, inhibition of normal cell cycle and division.

HPV, smoking, GERD

Front 9

metaplasia

Back 9

change from one type of epithelium to another due to injury. smoking causes squamous metaplasia in respiratory epithelium. leads to proliferation and cancer.

Front 10

What are the steps of successful metastasis

Back 10

Detachmentoftumorcells(E-cadherinloss) • Degradation of ECM (MMP’s -overexpressed and TIMP’s - reduced)

Attachment to new ECM proteins (cleavedcollagen and laminin bind to receptors ontumor cells - stimulate migration

Migration of tumor cells(cytokinesfromtumor cells direct movement, autocrine, andstromal cells produce paracrine effectors,HGF/SCF, for motility that bind to tumor cells)

Front 11

What predicts where tumor cells will spread in different cancers

Back 11

most predicted by vascular and lymphatic drainage anatomy. related to expression of endothelial adhesion molecules. chemokines and chemokine receptors aid in homing. after extravasation, tumor cells survive only in receptive ECM and stroma.

Front 12

What is the connection between obesity/body composition and cancer

Back 12

high fat increases insulin, insulin related growth factors, estrogen, leptin, inflammatory cytokines. decreases adiponectin.
convincing link for breast, colorectum, liver, kidney, pacreatic cancer. probable for gallbladder, prostate, ovarian.

Front 13

presumed mechanism for obesity/cancer association?

Back 13

insulin resistance affects glucose transport, glycogen synth, lypolysis.

Front 14

physical activity lowers risk for which type of cancers? what are the presumed mechanisms?

Back 14

convincing- colorectal

probable- breast (post menopause, endometrial). for breast, U shaped curve. was best for patients who held weight steady.

mechanism- decrease in free estrogen, testosterone, serum insulin, CRP.

Front 15

what are the recommendations for physical activity?

Back 15

be physically active for at least 30min every day (brisk walking)

work up to at least 60min moderate or 30min of vigorous activity daily. limit sedentary habits.

it's not just for weight control, can be 10-15 min blocks. address frequency. can exercise from recreation, transportation, occupation, household chores.

for cancer survivors, improves quality of life, reduce fatigue, CVD

Front 16

Why are epidemiological associations between food and cancer oftencontradictory and not necessarily explained in intervention trials of activeingredients?

Back 16

there's a variety of differences in cancers, defining significant categories, food prep, bioavailability, range of consumption, individual differences (genes, diet, microbiome, lifestyle). also, not everyone in the study may be compliant.

Front 17

association between cancer and red meat?

Back 17

convincing increased risk for colorectal cancer. limited for lung, esophagus, pancreas. recommend no more than 18oz/wk.

cooking produces hetrocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatics, advanced glycation end products.

Front 18

association between cancer and processed meat?

Back 18

convincing increased risk for colorectal cancer (18% risk for 50g/day). limited for lung, esophagus, stomach. avoid when possible.

smoked, cured, salted, preserved meat contain nitrites, heme iron.

Front 19

cancer and alcohol?

Back 19

convincing risk: colorectal (men), breast, mouth, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, liver. probable increase in colorectal for women.

recommendation is 2 drinks for men, 1 for women per day.

Front 20

benefits of fasting?

Back 20

theory- 'starve' cancer, cleanse, heal, stimulate cell repair. make cancer cells more vulnerable, reduce side effects of chemo&rad.

in intermittent fast, there were fewer clinical side effects.

Front 21

benefits of ketogenic diet?

Back 21

theory- Warburg effect. since cancer uses glycolysis, reducing CHO will reduce energy for cancer. ketones may have antitumor effects through gene expression in inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor invasiveness. plan is to reduce CHO to 10% of calories to induce ketosis.

animal studies found improved cancer outcomes. HOWEVER, primarily brain cancer studies. limited clinical trials, quality of life is meh. weight loss is limited, need to tolerate high fat intake.

Front 22

AICR (American institute for cancer research) recommendations in this lecture?

Back 22

-reach and maintain healthy weight

-physical activity at least 30min/day

-abundance and variety of fruit, veggie, whole grain, beans

-limit red meat

-avoid processed meat

-limit sodium & alcohol

these prevent about 1/3 of most common cancers in US.

Front 23

whatis cachexia and how is it caused by cancer and cancer treatments? Can it bereversed with increased food intake?

Back 23

loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite.