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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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tumor specific antigens:
tumor associated antigens: |
TSA's: unique to tumor cells
TAA's: highly expressed in tumor cells |
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Tumor antigen, function, expresed in?
Cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) B-Catenin Tyrosinase |
CDK4- cellcycle regulator, melanoma
B-Catenin, signal transduction, melanoma Tyrosinase, melanin synthesis, melanoma |
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Caspase-8
MAGE1, and 3 Surface Ig idiotype |
Caspase 8, apoptosis regulator, squamous cell carcinoma
MAGE1,3, normal testicular proteins, melanoma, breast cancer, glioma tumors Surface Ig Idiotype, B cell receptor, Lymphoma |
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EerbB-2/Her2/Neu
MUC-1 HPV E6 & E7 |
ErbB-2/Her2/Neu, receptor tyrosine kinase, breast/ovarian
MUC-1, underglycosylated mucin, breast/pancreatic HPV E6/7, viral gene products, cervical carcinoma |
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Main cells involved in cancer killing?
find/kill Mech? |
Cytotoxic T cells!!
-recognize Antigen-MHC I complex on tumor cells via TCr and CD8 -kill via perforin/granzyme and Fas/FasL mechansim |
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NK role?
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-activated by IL-2
-recognize tumor cells with low MHC-I expression -kill via perforin/granzyme |
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Macrophage role?
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-activated by lymphokines and interferon secreted by Th1 cells
-kills via TNF and reactive O species -act as APC to present Tumor associated antigen to T cells |
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Dendritic cell role?
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Major APC of TAA's to T cells
-main player in initiating tumor specific immune response (produce IL-12, activates CTL's) |
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Treg role?
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-activated by TGF-Beta, express CD4 and CD25(IL-2 receptor)
-accumulation of these cells inhibits anti-tumor response :( |
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Humoral cancer response?
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Not as significant as cellular response
-can react via complement fixation |
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Immune failure, d/t___?
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Immune tolerance to tumor antigens; lack of co-stim B7 molecule, low expression on MHC 1
-immune suppression by drugs, chemicals, Treg, pathogens, overexpresion of Fas/FasL ib tumor cells, triggers apoptosis on T cell |
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Cancer Cachexia?
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: loss of body fat/muscle mass, weakness, anemia, anorexia
-d/t cytokines produced by tumor cells |
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HTLV-1
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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus
-single stranded RNA retrovirus -causes adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma -target, CD4+ T cells |
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HBV
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Hepatitis B Virus
-causes liver cancer, via HBV X protein that is a viral transcription factor, stimulates DNA synthesis via Ras pathway |
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HPV
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Human Papilloma Virus
HPV 16,18 cause cervical cancer E6 binds to p53 and degrades it E7 binds to Rb and inactivates it |
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EBV
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Epstein Bar Virus
-member of herpes family -associated with Mono -causes Burkitts lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma via Latent membrane proetin 1 (LMP1) oncoproetin |
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KSHV
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Karposi's Sarcoma associated Herpesvirus
-causes karposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphomas, and Castleman's disease oncoprotein= K1, blocks Fas apoptosis=promotes survival |
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Heliobacter Pylori
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-gram - bacteria
-causes peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma/gastric lymphoma |
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Cytokine treatment
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IL-2
-helps t cells grow IFN-alpha 2b -increases expression of MHC1&2, helps NK cells IL-12 promotes NK and T cell activity -not used as mono therapy |
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Autosomal dominant cancers (2)
Recessive? (1) |
retinoblastoma, RB mutation
familial adenomatous polylposis, APC mutation Recessive- Xeroderma pigmentosa, XP mutation |
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neoplasia:
differentiation: anaplasia: |
neoplasia: new formation
differentiation: the degree to which tissues resemble their origin in structure AND function anaplasia: lack of differentiation=LOSS of structural and functional characteristics of NORMAL tissue differentiation and anaplasia refer to CT |
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carcinoma:
sarcoma: |
carcinoma: cancer of the epithelium
sarcoma: cancer of the CT CT=cartilage, bone, fat, blood, lymph |
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hamartoma:
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malformation, NOT a tumor
-made of tissue normally found in location, but in ABnormal quantity, arrangement, or mixture ex. lung |
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choristoma:
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malformation, NOT tumor
-mass of normal cells in ABnormal location ex. in retina |
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Characteristics of Benign Tumor
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-well defined borders
-cells closely resemble normal -No invasio -encapsulated by fibrous tissue -slow growing -do not recur |
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Problematic benign tumors
meningioma ependymoma left atrium myxoma |
meningioma: in meninges, puts pressure on brain
ependyoma: blocks csf left atrium myxoma: block mitral valve |
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adenoma:
adenomatous polyp: |
benign tumor of glandular epi
ex. follicular adenoma of the thyroid adenomatous polyp: a protruding growth from a mucosal surface ex. in colon |
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leiomyoma:
lipoma: |
leiomyoma: smooth muscle tumor
ex. uterus lipoma: fat tumor |
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Characteristics of Malignant Tumor
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-anaplastic=lack of differentiation
-polymorphic -enlarged nucleus -atypical mitosis -rapid growth -invasive -metaststatic pelomorphic: variable nucleus size, excessive mitosis hyperchromatic nuclei: dysplasia: replacement with another cell type -basement membrane invasion |
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Modes of metastasis:
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`blood - preference of sarcomas
-liver/lung are common destinations -veins preferred (especially by renal cell and hepatocellular carcinoma) `lymph- preferred by carcinoma, follows geography ex. lung to bronchial nodes breast to axial nodes `Seeding in body cavities |
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Unusual drainage patterns (2)
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prostate to bone
broncho to adrenals/brain |
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Metastasis to brain
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Lung, Breast, Skin, Kidney
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Metastasis to liver
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Colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung
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Metastasis to Bone
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Prostate, thyroid, testes, breast, lung
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Metastasis, process of leaving tissue
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-tumor cells loosen from each other when their E-cahderins lose their function
-proteolytic enxymes degrade the ECM |
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Paraneoplastic syndrome:
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symptoms that appear d/t cancer but many not be explained bt the tumor, its metastasis, or its location
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Neoplasm, cause, and effects
-Small cell lung carcinoma |
ACTH- cushing syndrome
ADH- (anti diuretic hormone), syndrome of inappropriate ADH PTH (parathyroid hormone) - Hypercalcemia Ig's against Ca+ channels at neuromuscular junction, Lambert Eaton syndrome |
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- Intracranial Neoplasm
-Renal Cell carcinoma |
ADH, syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Erythropoetin- Polycythemia |
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Thymoma
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Ig's against Ca+ channels at neuromuscular junction, Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscle weakness)
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Leukemia/Lymphoma
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hyperuricemia, gout
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Evaluating tumors
Grading: Staging: |
grading I-IV: tells you how aggressive the tumor is
high grade=poorly differentiated=poor prognosis staging: evaluates spread, based on tumor, node, metastasis |
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Tumor Markers
PSA Protatic acid phosphatase CEA Alpha feta protein B-hCG |
PSA = prostate specific antigen
Protatic Acid Phos= prostatic carcinoma CEA=carcinoembryonic antigen, NON specific, often colon/pancreas, also gastric, breast, thyroid Alpha Feto-protein=normally made by fetus, can be liver cancer, testicular B-hCG= hydatiform mole, choriocarcinoma |
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CD-125
S-100 Alkaline Phosphatase CA-19-9 Calcitonin |
CD-125= ovarian, malignant epi tumors
S-100= melanoma, neural, astrocytoma Alkaline phos= mets to bone CA-19-9= pancreatic carcinoma Calcitonin=thyroid medullary carcinoma |
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Histology
keratin vimentin desmin neurofilament glial fibrillary glial fribrillary acidic protein GFAP |
filament-tumor-normal
kertain- carcinoma - epi cells vimentin-sarcomas - CT desmin-uterine leiomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma - muscle neurofilament - neuroblastoma, pehochromocytoma - neurons glial fribrillary acidic protein GFAP - astrocytoma, ependymoma, glial cells |
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Immunochemistry
cytokeratin: PSA: Estrogen: |
Cytokeratin: indicated large cell lymphoma
PSA: of prostatic origin Estrogen: breast |
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Angiogenesis mechanism
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Hypoxia activartes HIF-1, which stimulated VEGF=blood vessel growth
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4 tumor steps of invasion
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1) detachment (loss of e-cadherin function)
2) EMC degradation (by proteolytic enzymes) 3) Attachement to new ECM components 4) Migration through tissue |
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XP
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DNA repair error, nucleotide excision repair problem
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Familial Non-polposis colon cancer
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Mis match repair error
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Cockayne Syndrome
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transcription coupled repair error
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Bloom syndrome
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dna helicase defect
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BCRA1/2
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normally repair double strand breaks
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miRNA
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micro RNA, bindsto mRNA and suppresses transcription
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CML
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d/t balanced BCR-ABL fusion
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Burkitts lymphoma
Follicular B lymphoma |
d/t c-MYC T(8:14)
d/t BCL, t(14:18) |
