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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metastasis
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When cancer starts to spread(becomes malignant)
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neoplasm
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when cancer cells start to proliferate(tumor)
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why cancer cells have advantage
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1. lack social control
2. not altruistic |
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Carcinomas
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epithelial cells; most numerous
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sarcomas
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connective or muscle tissues
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leukemias
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hemopoetic cells(blood)
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(neural cell)omas
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CNS cells(neurons of glials)
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adenomas
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glandular
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chondromas
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cartilage
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cancer is a gradual process
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1. accumulation of mutations that are inherited by daughter cells
2. tumor growth 3. metastasis |
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2 ways mutations accumulate
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1. Genetic
2. Epigenetic |
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Name the 5 Genetic sources
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1. Spontaneous
2. Chemical carcinogens=alter nucleotides 3. Ionizing radiation=induced DNA breaks 4. Viruses=foreign DNA sequences 5. Inherited susceptibility=impaired repair mechanisms |
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Epigenetic
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DNA is heritable, but unaltered and inactive
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Name 2 epigenetic sources
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1. Chromatin structure(hiding the DNA so it cant be found)
2. DNA methylation(gene not transcribed) |
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Chromatin structure
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-epigenetic source of mutations
-after histones and packaging -gene moved to HETEROCHROMATIN so it cant be accessed easily |
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DNA methylation
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-addition of methyl group to cytosine
-genes are not transcribed |
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7 key properties for tumor growth
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1. Unregulated cell proliferation
2. Lack of apoptosis 3. Do not differentiate 4. No senescence 5. Genetic instability 6. Invasive 7. Proliferate in new locations |
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Senescence
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When cells stop replicating once they reach a certain amount of replications
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Oncogenes
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-Cancer-Critical Gene
-altered gene that facilitates cancer(not born with them) -usually a normal gene that controlled cell growth of division |
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Tumor-suppressor genes
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-normally prevent cancer by blocking proliferation
-mutation allows for unchecked proliferation |
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p53 tumor-suppressor gene
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-mutated in half of human cancers
-stress sensor to regulate proliferation 1.cell-cycle arrest if G1/S & S-cdks are blocked 2. Apoptosis= triggers 3. Genetic instability = promotes DNA repair |
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Why is genetic instability so important in p53 tumor-suppressor gene?
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It promotes DNA repair so if it gets mutated then a lot more mutations will follow
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What do therapies and treatments exploit in cancer?
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The fact that cancer has no genetic instability and can't repair it's DNA when it's damaged
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Ionizing radiation
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-cancer treatment that induces DNA damage in hopes that only healthy cells will be able to survive
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Drugs and Chemotherapy
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-often target cell-cycle defects by inhibiting the effect of normal growth factors and neutralizing proteins synthesized by cancer cells
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Anti-angiogenic factors
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-tumors require vascularity
-targer endothelial(interior lining of blood vessels) cells to prevent them from forming vessels |
