Campbell/reece Hula Biology Vocab Ch. 4

Front 1

cell theory

Back 1

the theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

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cell wall

Back 2

a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

Front 3

cellular metabolism

Back 3

all the chemical activities of a cell

Front 4

central vacuole

Back 4

in a plant cell, a large membranous sac w/ diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes

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centrosome

Back 5

a structure found in animal cells from which microtubules originate and that is important during cell division has two centrioles

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chloroplasts

Back 6

an organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water

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chromatin

Back 7

the complex DNA and proteins that make up eukaryiote chromosomes, often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing

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chomosome

Back 8

a gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryote cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell a chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

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cilia

Back 9

short cellular appendages specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubes

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crista

Back 10

an infolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane

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cytoplasm

Back 11

the contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell

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cytosol

Back 12

the semifluid portion of cytoplasm

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cytoskeleton

Back 13

a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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electron microscope

Back 14

a microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope

Front 15

endomembrane system

Back 15

a network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

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endoplasmic reticulum

Back 16

an extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the other nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome(rb)-studded (rough) and rb-free (smooth) regions

Front 17

endosymbiont theory

Back 17

the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic vells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism

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eukarotic cell

Back 18

a type of cell that has membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of these

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extracellular matrix

Back 19

the meshwork surrounding animals cells; consists of glycoproteins and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells

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flagellum

Back 20

a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. the flagella of pro and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function

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glycoprotein

Back 21

a protein with one or more short chains of sugars attached to it

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Golgi apparatus

Back 22

an organelle in eu cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

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granum

Back 23

a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in a chloroplast. grana are sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis

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entegrins

Back 24

a transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton in animal cells

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intermediate filaments

Back 25

an intermediate sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. intermediate filaments are ropelike, made of fibrosis proteins

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light microscope

Back 26

an optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images and project them into the viewers eye

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lysosome

Back 27

a digestive organelle in eu cells; contains hydrolyctic enzymes that digest food/damaged organelles

Front 28

microfilaments

Back 28

thinnest of protein fibers in cytoskeleton; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein acid

Front 29

microtubules

Back 29

thickest of the fibers in cytoskelton; hollow tube made of globular tubulins; in cilia and flagella

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mitochondrial matrix

Back 30

compartment of mitochondrion surrounded by inner membrane containing enzymes and substrates for citric acid cycle

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mitochondrion

Back 31

powerhouse of the cell; where cellular respiration occurs

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nuclear envelope

Back 32

a double membrane for the nucleus; has pores that regulate traffic w/ cytoplasm

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nucleoid

Back 33

a non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is made

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nucleolus

Back 34

structure in nucleus where RNA is made and put with proteins to make ribosomal subunits

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nucleus

Back 35

atoms central core w/ protons and neutrons; contains genetic material as chromosomes

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organelles

Back 36

a membrane-enclosed structure w/ a specific function

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peroxisomes

Back 37

enzyme that transfers hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing then degrading hydrogen peroxide

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plasma membrane

Back 38

barrier of every cells that selects the passage of ions and molecules

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plasmodesma

Back 39

open channel in cell well that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

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prokaryotic cells

Back 40

type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus

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ribosome

Back 41

consists of RNA and proteins; functions as the site of protein synthesis

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rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 42

w/ ribosomes attached and make membrane proteins and secretory proteins

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scanning electron microscope

Back 43

a microscope using an electron beam to study the surface of a specimen

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 44

lacks ribosomes

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stroma

Back 45

dense fluid in the chloroplast that is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

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thylakoid

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flatted sac in chloroplast; contains molecular complexes of light reactions in photosynthesis

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transmission electron micorscope

Back 47

uses electron beam to study internal structure of thinly sliced specimen

Front 48

transport vesicle

Back 48

located in cytoplasm of eukaryote and carries around molecules produced by the cell

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vacuoles

Back 49

membrane enclosed sac that has diverse systems in different kinds of cells

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vesicle

Back 50

a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm