General Biology I - Campbell And Reece - Ch.1

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Biology

Back 1

The scientific study of life.

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Biosphere (H)

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Consists of all of the environments on Earth that are inhabited by life. Includes most regions of land; most bodies of water; and the atmosphere. (H)

Hint 2

At the top of the levels of Biological Organization.

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Ecosystem (H)

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Consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all non-living components of the environment with which it interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light. (H)

Hint 3

All of these combined make up the biosphere.

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Community (H)

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The entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem. Includes plants, animals, fungi, and various microorganisms. (H)

Hint 4

The level below an ecosystem.

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Populations (H)

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Consists of all individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specific area. (H)

Hint 5

The level below a community in the Levels of Biological Organization.

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Organisms (H)

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Individual living things. (H)

Hint 6

The level below a population in the Levels of Biological Organization.

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Organs and Organ Systems (H)

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A body part consisting of two or more tissues. (H)

Hint 7

The level below an organism in the Levels of Biological Organization.

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Tissues (H)

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A group of similar cells, making up an organ. (H)

Hint 8

The level below an organ in the Levels of Biological Organization.

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Cells (H)

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Life's fundamental unit of structure and function. These are combined to make tissues. (H)

Hint 9

The level below a tissue in the Levels of Biological Organization.

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Organelles (H)

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Various functional components that make up cells. (H)

Hint 10

The level below a cell in the Levels of Biological Organization.

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Molecules (H)

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A chemical structure consisting of two or more small chemical units called atoms. (H)

Hint 11

The level below an organelle in the Levels of Biological Organization.

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Producers

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Plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy to chemical energy.

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Consumers

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Organisms such as animals that feed on producers and other consumers.

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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Chromosomes that make up the substance for genes.

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Genes

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Units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.

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Genome

Back 16

The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.

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Eukaryotic Cell

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A cell that is subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelle, including the chloroplasts.

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Cytoplasm

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The entire region between the nucleus and outer membrane of a cell.

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Prokaryotic Cell

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A cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus.

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Emergent Properties

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In the hierarchy of biological order, components appear that are not present at the level below, are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

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Reductionism

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Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.

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Systems Biology

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The model of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems .

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High-throughput Technology

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Meta-data-collection methods that can analyze biological materials very rapidly and produce enormous volumes of data.

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Bioinformatics

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Extracting useful biological information from the enormous, ever-expanding data sets, such as DNA sequences and lists of protein interactions.

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Negative Feedback

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The most common form of regulation, in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process.

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Positive Feedback

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When an end product of a biological process speeds up its production.

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Individual Variation

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When individuals in a population of any species vary in many heritable traits.
(Part of Darwin's theory of Natural Selection)

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Overproduction and Competition

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A population of any species has the potential to produce far more offspring than will survive to produce offspring of there own.
(Part of Darwin's theory of Natural Selection)

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Unequal Reproductive Success

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Individuals are unequal in there likelihood of surviving and reproducing. Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment will generally produce a disproportionately large number of healthy fertile offspring.
(Part of Darwin's theory of Natural Selection)

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Evolutionary Adaption

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Over the generations, heritable trait the enhance survival and reproductive success tend to increase in frequency among a population's individuals. The population evolves.
(Part of Darwin's theory of Natural Selection)

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Inquiry

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The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.

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Discovery Science
(H)

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Describes natural structures and processes through careful observation and analysis of data.
(H)

Hint 32

Also called "Descriptive Science."

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Inductive Reasoning

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Through this types of logic, we derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations.

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Deductive Reasoning

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Through this type of logic, we extrapolate specific results we expect to be true. Flows from general to specific.