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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Apa itu jalur transduksi sinyal? |
Kumpulan step ttg bagaimana sinyal di permukaan sel is converted into respons seluler spesifik |
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Bagaimana local signaling itu? |
Cells may communicate dy direct contact, or cell-cell recognition |
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Apa itu regulator lokal? |
Messenger molecules that travel only short distance |
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Apa itu plasmodemata? |
Channels betweem adjacent plant cells |
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Apa itu gap junction? |
Cytoplasmic channels that connect animal cells |
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Apa yg digunakan untuk long distance signaling? |
Hormon |
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Contoh local signalling? |
Paracrine signalling, synaptic signalling |
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Steps of signal transduction pathway? |
Reception, transduction, response |
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What is ligand? |
Signal molecule that binds to receptor protein, causing it to change shape |
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What is the initial transduction stel of a signal? |
Receptor protein's change shape |
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Ligand bind to ..... on receptor protein |
Spesific sites |
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3 tipe membran reseptor/intercellular receptor? |
- G protein-coupled receptors - Receptor tirosin kinase - Ion channel receptors/ligand-gated ion channel receptors |
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What is G protein-coupled receptor? |
Reseptor membran plasma that works with the help of protein G |
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Bagaiamana G protein-coupled receptors bekerja? |
Protein G berfungsi sebagai on/off switch. Ketika ligand berikatan dengan reseptor, sisi sitoplasmik reseptor mengikat protein G yg dilekati GDP (inaktif) sehingga GDP digantikan GTP (aktif). Protein G yg aktif pun terlepas dari reseptor dan berikatan dengan enzim. Protein G berfingsi sebagai enzim GTPase. Protein G menghidrolisis GTP menjadi GDP sehingga menjadi kembali inaktif dan terlepas dari enzim. |
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Apa itu reseptor tirosin kinase? |
Reseptor membran yg terdiri atas kirosin yg nntinya akan difosforilasi (attached by phosphates). Biasanya memicu bbrp jalur transduksi dan respon selular yg berbeda |
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Jelaskan cara kerja reseptor tirosin kinase! |
Tadinya terdapat sbg polipeptida individual. Ketika binds to ligand, dua polipeptida membentuk dimer (dimerisasi). Dimerisasi mengaktivasi wilayah tirosin kinase. Setiap tirosin kinase menambahkan satu fosfat dari ATP ke tirosin pada ekor polipeptida yg satu lagi. Setelah reseptor fully activated, ia dikenali oleh protein relai spesifik. 1 protein relai binds to 1 fosforilated tirosin spesifik. Setiap protein relai memicu jalur transduksi dan respons selular yg berbeda. |
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Bagaimana cara kerja ligand-gated ion channel receptor? |
Acts as a gate when receptor change shape. A ligand binds to the receptor. The gate is opened. Specific ion flows troughout the channel. Konsentrasi ion dalam sel pun berubah. Hal itu dapat memengaruhi aktivitas sel. |
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Intracellular receptors found in... |
Cytosol or nucleus of target cells |
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Contoh sinyal/messenger yg dapat menembus membran dan memiliki receptor yg intrasel? |
Steroid, hormon tiroid (animals) |
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Apa itu faktor transkripsi? Cthnya? |
Penyebab terjadinya transkripsi. Cth hormone-receptor complexes. |
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Apa yg dilakukan jalur tranduksi? |
Mengubah sinyal menjadi bentuk yg dapat menyebabkan respons seluler spesifik |
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Apa itu relay molecule? |
Molekul2 dalam jalur transduksi, mostly are proteins |
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At each step of transduction pathways, the signal is transduced into a different form, usually is... |
A shape change in the relay protein |
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Dalam banyak jalur transduksi, sinyal diteruskan (transmitted) dengan menggunakan jalur... |
Kaskade fosforilasi |
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Apa itu protein kinase? |
Yg mentransfer fosfat dari ATP ke protein (fosforilasi) |
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Apa itu protein fosfatase |
Yg remove fosfat dari protein (defosforilasi) |
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Apa itu fosforilasi? Siapa yg melakukannya |
Penambahan fosfat ke protein. Protein kinase |
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Apa itu defosforilasi? Siapa yg melakukannya. |
Fosfat removal from protein. Protein fosfatase |
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Jelaskan secara singkat kaskade fosforilasi dlm jalur transduksi sinyal! |
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Ingat fungsi protein kinase = memfosforilasi protein lain |
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Apa itu second messenger? |
Molekul kecil, larut-air, nonptotein atau ion sbg molecule relay, bkn menggunakan protein kinase. |
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Second messsngers participated in pathways initiated by which receptors? |
G protein-coupled and resepor tirosin kinase |
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Common second messengers? |
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), ion kalisum |
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Apa itu dan fungsi adenylyl cyclase? |
Enzim di membran plasma. Converts ATP to cAMP sebagai respons to an extracellular signal. |
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Enzim yg converts ATP ke cAMP? |
Adenylyl cyclase |
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cAMP usually activates what protein kinase? |
Protein kinase A, which phosphorylates various other proteins |
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Apa itu protein G penghambat? |
Protein G yg menghambat adenilil siklase |
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Kenapa ion kalsium dapat berfungsi sebagai second messenger? |
Krn konsentrasi ion kalsium dalam sitosol jauh lebih remdah drpd di luar sel. Sel jg mudah meregulasi konsentrasi ion kalsium dgn Ca2+ pump |
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Transduksi sinyal dengan ion kalsium sbg second messenger may .... konsentrasi ion kalsium di sitosol, melalui mekanisme ........ Untuk melakukannya, dibutuhkan... |
Increase Pelepasan ion kalsium dari RE Inositol trifosfat (IP3) dan diasilgliserol (DAG) sbg additional second messenger |
Increase/decrease |
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Apa itu IP3 dan DAG? |
Additional second messenger in ion calcium second messenger transduction pathway, yg merelease ion kalsium keluar dari RE. |
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Apa itu fosfolipase C? |
Enzim yg membelah PIP2 menjadi DAG dan IP3 |
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Enzim yg membelah PIP2 menjadi DAG dan IP3.... |
Fosfolipase C |
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Apa itu PIP2? |
Fosfolipid membran plasma yg dipecah oleh fosfolipase C menjadi IP3 dan DAG |
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Fosfolipid membran plasma yg dipecah oleh fosfolipase C menjadi IP3 dan DAG disebut... |
PIP2 |
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Jelaskan secara singkat jalur transduksi sinyal oleh Ca2+ second messenger! |
Ligan berikatan dengan reseptor yg mengaktivasi fosfolipase C. Fosfolipase C memecah PIP2 menjadi DAG dan IP3. DAG digunakan sbg pembawa pesan kedua jalur lain. IP3 berikatan dengan daluran kalsium bergerbang-IP3 pada membran RE sehingga saluran terbuka. Ion kalsium keluar meningkatkan kadar ion kalsium di sitosol. Ion kalsium mengaktivasi protein berikutnya. |
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Many signaling pathways regulate the synthesis of enzymes or proteins. How? |
By the final activated molecule functioning as s transcription factor, which is turning genes on or off in nucleus |
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What signaling pathways can cause? |
Synthesis or regulate the activities of enzymes/proteins, or affect the physical character of cell (ex. cell shape) |
The response could be.... |
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An example about how signal transduction pathway could regulate the activity of enzyme? |
Ephinephrine hormone cause glikogen fosforilase to convery glikogen into glukosa-1-phosphate |
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An example for how signaling pathway can affect cell's physical character? (ex. Cell's shape) |
Wild type cells' shmoo *shmoo = penjuluran |
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Benefits of multistep pathways: |
- Amplify the signal and response - Kespesifikan respons |
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Multistep pathwas amplifies cell's respone. What does amplify it? Jelaskan! |
Kaskade enzim yg rumit Enzim mengolah molekul substrat dgn jmlh banyak. Misalnya setiap molekul adenilil mengkatalisis pemebntukan banyak cAMP. Setiap protein kinase A byk memfosforilasi byk protein kinase lain, dst. |
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Can same signal have different effect? How? |
Yes. With different protein and pathways within cells |
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Jelaskan bagaimana multistep pathways dpt menyebabkan kespesifikan respons! |
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Apa itu scaffolding proteins? |
Large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached. Can increase the efficiency dari transduksk sinyal dgn grouping together different proteins involved in same pathway. |
*scaffolding = perancah |
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Apa itu apoptosis? |
Programmed/controlled cell suicide |
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How does a cell do apoptosis? |
By chopping and packaging themselves into vesicles that are digested by scavenger sel *scavenger = pemulung |
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Jelaskan jalur transduksi apoptosis! |
Ketika ada death-signaling molecule yg bind to reseptor, Ced-9 yg tdinya aktif menjadi inaktif sehingga Ced-4 tidak terhambat. Relay moleculnya adalah Ced-4, Ced-3, kemudian bercabang menjadi protease (enzim yg cut up protein) dan nuclease (enzim yg cut up nukleus). |
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Protease utama dalam apoptosis? |
Caspase |
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Penyebab apoptosis... |
- Death-signaling ligand - Kerusakan DNA di nukleus - Misfolding protein di RE |
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Gangguan apoptosis dapat menyebabkan kanker. Jelaskan why! |
Kanker adalah uncontrolled cell growth. Jika sel2 kanker tsb melakukan apoptosis, maka kanker tak akan menyebar dan sembuhlah orang tsb. |
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