Campbell Biology (10Th Ed) Chap. 26

Front 1

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Back 1

phylogeny

Front 2

A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.

Back 2

taxonomy

Front 3

A common term for the two-part, latinized format for naming a species (genus + specific epithet)

Back 3

binomial

Front 4

category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species’ two-part scientific name

Back 4

genus

Front 5

In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above genus

Back 5

family

Front 6

the taxonomic category above the level of family

Back 6

order

Front 7

the taxonomic category above the level of order

Back 7

class

Front 8

the taxonomic category above class

Back 8

phyla (phylum)

Front 9

A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain

Back 9

kingdoms

Front 10

A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Back 10

domains

Front 11

A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

Back 11

taxon (taxa)

Front 12

a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Back 12

phylogenetic tree

Front 13

points usually shown as a dichotomy in which a branch representing the ancestral lineage splits into two branches

Back 13

branch points

Hint 13

part of the phylogenetic tree

Front 14

A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Back 14

systematics

Front 15

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives

Back 15

sister taxa

Front 16

In a specified group of organisms, a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group

Back 16

basal taxon

Front 17

In a phylogenetic tree, a branch point from which more than two descendant taxa emerge

Back 17

polytomy

Front 18

Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait

Back 18

analogy

Front 19

A similar (analogous) structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species.

Back 19

homoplasy

Front 20

An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.

Back 20

cladistics

Front 21

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Back 21

clades

Hint 21

equivalent to a monophyletic group

Front 22

a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Back 22

monophyletic

Front 23

a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Back 23

paraphyletic

Front 24

a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Back 24

polyphyletic

Front 25

A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade

Back 25

shared ancestral character

Front 26

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

Back 26

shared derived character

Front 27

A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage being studied

Back 27

outgroup

Front 28

A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships are being examined in a given analysis.

Back 28

ingroup

Front 29

principle stating that we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent w/ facts

Back 29

maximum parsimony

Front 30

principle that takes into account the hypothesis that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time

Back 30

maximum likelihood

Front 31

Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation

Back 31

orthologous genes

Front 32

Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication

Back 32

paralogous genes

Front 33

the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates.

Back 33

molecular clock

Front 34

The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms

Back 34

horizontal gene transfer