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36 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Techniques for sequencing and manipulating DNA.
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DNA technology |
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The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products
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biotechnology |
type of tech |
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The base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to the complementary sequence on a strand from another nucleic acid molecule
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nucleic acid hybridization |
hybrids |
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The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
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genetic engineering |
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Determining the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene or DNA segment
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DNA sequencing |
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The production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment
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DNA cloning |
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A small, circular, DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome
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plasmids |
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A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
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recombinant DNA |
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The production of multiple copies of a single gene
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gene cloning |
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a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there.
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cloning vector |
includes plasmids and viruses that transfer recombinant DNA by infection |
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An enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules at a limited number of specific locations; molecules foreign to a bacterium |
restriction enzymes |
also known as endonuclease |
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A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme
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restriction site |
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A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme. |
restriction fragments |
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single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment. these ends can form hydrogen bonded base pairs with other ends on any DNA molecule cut w/ the same enzyme.
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sticky end |
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An enzyme that catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3′ end of one DNA fragment to the 5′ end of another DNA fragment
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DNA ligase |
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A technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge in a gel made of agarose or another polymer |
gel electrophoresis |
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A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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A cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell. |
expression vector |
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A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.
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electroporation |
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a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample |
nucleic acid probe |
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A technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism |
in situ hybridization |
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A technique for determining expression of a particular gene. It uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest
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reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) |
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A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase |
complimentary DNA (cDNA) |
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A method to detect/measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA.
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DNA microarray assays |
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A technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene’s sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant. |
in vitro mutagenesis |
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A mechanism for silencing the expression of specific genes. these molecules trigger the breakdown of a gene's mRNA or blocks its translation
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RNA interference (RNAi) |
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A large-scale analysis of the genomes of people that have a certain phenotype or disease, w/ the aim of finding genetic markers that correlate with that phenotype or disease
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genome-wide association studies |
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A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population.
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single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
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a unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself and, under certain conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types |
stem cell |
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any cell that has the potential to differentiate and the give rise to all the specialized cell types of an organism |
totiponent |
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Describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism. |
pluripotent |
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The introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes. |
gene therapy |
used to treat the relatively small number of disorders traceable to a single defective gene. |
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Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species |
transgenic |
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An individual’s unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes |
genetic profile |
also known as an individual's DNA fingerprint |
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Simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides |
short tandem repeats (STRs) |
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An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means
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genetically modified organisms (GM) |
transgenic organism
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