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36 Cards in this Set
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a sequence of nucleotides near an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon
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operator
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In bacterial and phage DNA
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A unit of genetic function consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a cluster of genes who all together create a pathway for enzyme production
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operon
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found in bacteria and phages; trp (tryptophan)
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A protein that inhibits gene transcription
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repressor
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in prokaryotes=binds to dna near promoter
in eukaryotes= binds to enhancers/activators/to protiens |
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A gene that codes for a protein, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
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regulatory gene
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ex: a repressor protein
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A small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein’s shape, allowing it to bind to the operator and switch an operon off
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corepressor
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helps repressor protein
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A small molecule that binds to a repressor protein and changes the repressor’s shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on
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inducer
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a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP. it is a regulator of some bacterial operons which accumulates when glucose is scarce
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cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription
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activator
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eukaryotes=bind 2 control elements in enhancers
prokaryotes=bind 2 promoter |
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The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome.
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differential gene expression
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The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins. promotes transcription by opening up the chromatin structure.
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histone acetylation
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The presence of methyl groups on the DNA bases (usually cytosine) of plants, animals, and fungi
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DNA methylation
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when enzymes methylate DNA bases
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Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms that do not involve the nucleotide sequence.
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epigenetic inheritance
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A segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by serving as a binding site for a transcription factor
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control elements
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Multiple control elements are present in a eukaryotic gene’s enhancer
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A segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates
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enhancers
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a type of gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns
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alternative RNA splicing
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eukaryotic gene regulation
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A small, single-stranded RNA molecules, capable of binding to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules
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microRNA (miRNAs)
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a small, single-stranded RNA molecule that associates with one or more proteins in a complex which degrades or prevents translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence
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small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
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thew blocking of gene expression by siRNAs (small interfering RNAs)
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RNA interference (RNAi)
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The process by which a cell or group of cells becomes specialized in structure and function.
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differentiation
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The development of the form of an organism and its structures; the physical processes that give an organism its shape
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morphogenesis
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A maternal substance, that when placed into an egg influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes, affecting the developmental fate of cells
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cytoplasmic determinants
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such as a protein or RNA
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Process where a group of cells/tissues influence the development of another group through close-range interactions.
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induction
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refers to the point at which an embryonic cell is irreversibly committed to becoming a particular cell type
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determination
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the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space;
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pattern formation
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a multicellular organism’s spatial organization
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Molecular cues that control pattern formation by indicating a cell’s location relative to the organism’s body axes
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positional information
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regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells
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homeotic genes
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Referred to a one of the master regulatory genes
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A mutation with a phenotype leading to death of an embryo or larva
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embryonic lethals
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A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring’s genotype
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maternal effect gene
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First identified in Drosophila melanogaster (flies), another name for maternal gene effect
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egg-polarity genes
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A maternal effect gene that codes for a protein responsible for specifying the anterior end in Drosophila melanogaster
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bicoid
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gene that codes for proteins in flies
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A substance, such as Bicoid protein in Drosophila, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis
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morphogens
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A gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer.
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oncogene
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A normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene.
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proto-oncogene
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A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
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tumor-suppressor genes
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a gene that codes for RAS (a G protein) that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, stimulating the cell cycle
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ras gene
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A tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins inhibiting the cell cycle
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p53 gene
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