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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three types of carcinogenesis?
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physical
chemical biological |
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What are the three major steps for malignant transformation?
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initiation
promotion progression |
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What are some of the things that proto-onco gene proteins code for?
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extracellular signaling molecules
growth factor receptors cytoplasmic signaling transducers nuclear transcription factors |
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What are the three steps in invasion?
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attachment
proteolysis migration |
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What are the steps in metastasis?
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detachment
matrix degradation with intravasation evasion of immune system adherence and extravasation establishment and growth angiogenesis |
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cycle specific or non specific?
-alkylating agents -antimetabolites -antineoplastic antibiotics -microtubule spindle poisons |
non-specific: alkylating agents, antineoplastic agents
cell cycle specific: antimetabolites, microtubule spindle poisons |
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What are the 4 factors in chemotherapeutic drug resistance?
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anatomic compartments
influence of tumor microenvironment Inherent drug resistance acquired drug resistance |
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Describe late radiation side effects.
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these effects manifest in slowly dividing cells usually of mesenchymal origin such as bone, nervous tissue, and blood vessels.
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What are the 4 cellular responses to ionizing radiation?
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repair
repopulation redistribution reoxygenation |
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What diagnostic tools are used in basic tumor staging?
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CBC
chemistry U/A regional LN evaluation Thoracic rads abdominal ultrasound |
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what biochemical changes can be seen with cancer cachexia?
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hypoglycemia
hypoproteinemia lactic acidosis altered amino acid and lipid profiles |
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What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs?
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t-cell lymphoma
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What are the signs for hypercalcemia in canines?
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anorexia
vomiting dysphagia constipation muscular weakness lethargy PU/PD depression |
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What signs are related to hypoglycemia?
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disorientation
weakness ataxia convulsions coma |
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What are the two neoplastic causes for hypoglycemia?
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beta cell neoplasia
non-islet cell neoplasia |
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What is a specific chemotherapy agent used to treat beta cell neoplasia?
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streptozotocin
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What drug can be used to treat hypertrophic osteopathy?
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NSAIDS
corticosteroids Bisphosphonates |
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What differentiated B-cell neoplasias is hyperglobulinemia seen with?
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multiple myeloma
chronic lymphocytic leukemia b-cell lymphoma |
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What is the most common PNS in veterinary oncology?
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anemia
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What common cancers cause thrombocytopenia?
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lymphoma
hemangiosarcoma sertoli cell tumor |
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What are some signs of mast cell tumor degranulation?
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gastric ulcers
GI bleeding anorexia vomiting hypotension collapse bronchospasm |
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What tumor is most often associated with DIC?
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HSA
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What are the typical changes seen with acute tumor lysis syndrome?
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hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia hyperuricemia hypocalcemia |
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What is the difference in treatment for febrile and non-febrile neutropenic chemotherapy patients?
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febrile- place on IV antibiotics such as baytril-ampicillin or aminoglycoside-cephalosporin until resolved
non-febrile- monitor temp and place on wide spec oral meds |
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What is used to treat extravasation of vinca alkaloids?
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hyaluronidase injections
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If doxorubicin is extravasated, what can be used to decrease the severity of signs and symptoms?
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dexraxoxane systemically
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What drugs can cause sterile hemorrhagic cystitis?
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cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide
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What is the most common canine cutaneous malignancy?
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mast cell tumor
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What breeds are commonly affected by MCT?
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brachycephalic
retrievers shar-pei weimaraner viszla maltese |
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What locations are considered to have a poorer prognosis in regards MCT?
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axilla
inguinal perineum external genitalia oral aural muco-cutaneous areas |
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Describe a stage 0 MCT
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one neoplasm incompletely excised from the dermis without regional LN involvement
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Describe a stage 1 MCT
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One neoplasm confined to the dermis without regional LN involvement
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Describe a stage 2 MCT
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one neoplasm confined to the dermis with regional LN involvement
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Describe a stage 3 MCT
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Multiple dermal neoplasms or large infiltrating neoplasms with or without regional LN involvement
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describe a stage 4 MCT
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Any neoplasm with distant metastasis including blood and or bone marrow involvement or recurrence with metastasis
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How should L-asparaginase be administered?
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IM or SC
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What two chemotherapy agents can cause pulmonary toxicity?
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Bleomycin
Cisplatin |
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What is the mean age of dogs with MCT?
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8.5 yrs
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What are the most common metastatic sites for MCT?
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local and regional LNs
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How is a diagnosis of MCT achieved?
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cytology or histopathology
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What are 2 possible environmental risk factors for canine lymphosarcoma?
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herbicide exposure
magnetic field exposure |
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describe the stages of multicentric lymphosarcoma?
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1-solitary LN involvement
2-multiple LN involvement same side of diaphragm 3-multiple LN on both sides of diaphragm 4-hepatic and or splenic 5-bone marrow or other extranodal involvement |
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What are the clinical manifestations of alimentary lymphosarcoma?
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weight loss/anorexia
hypoproteinemia GI obstruction Malabsorption and digestion vomitiing and diarrhea |
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What electrolyte change is seen in 10-40% of mediastinal lymphosarcoma cases?
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hypercalcemia
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What are the 8 established prognostic factors for lymphosarcoma?
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clinical stage
clinical substage histiologic grade immunophenotype hypercalcemia sex proliferative indices anatomic location |
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What are biological risk factors for feline lymphosarcoma?
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FeLV
FIV |
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Describe a typical canine HSA patient.
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older large breed dog with a mean age of 9-10 yrs. GSD, Goldens, Labs, and Poodles
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What may be observed on a CBC that is characteristic of HSA?
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anemia with marked regeneration and abnormal red cell morphology
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What is the most common pattern of HSA metastasis to the lungs.
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diffuse lesions in the interstitium
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What is the therapy of choice for HSA?
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surgery with asjuvant systemic chemotherapy.
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After a splenectomy, what 2 electrolytes should be especially closely monitored due to possible arrhythmias?
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Magnesium and potassium
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Successful chemotherapeutic protocols for HSA invariably include what drug?
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doxorubicin based chemicals
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Which dog breeds are at greater risk of developing Osteosarcoma?
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Irish setters
St Bernards Rottweilers Doberman Pinschers |
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Name the 3 most common locations where lesions of OSA are seen.
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distal radius
proximal humerus proximal tibia |
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What are the criteria for limb sparing surgery in reference to OSA?
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tumor involving <50% of the length of the bone
not extending across a joint pt is free from metastatic or concurrent disease |