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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the most common mast cell tumors in dogs?
Cutaneous, sub-cutaneous. Can spread to visceral.
What forms of mast cell tumors do cats get?
Cutaneous, GI, Spleen
How hard are cat mast cell tumors to treat?
Cutaneous is easy, spleen is easy via splenectomy, GI is hard to treat
What form of mast cell tumors do siamese cats get?
Histiocytic- covers body with lumps then goes away.
Which form of mast cell tumor in cats puts circulating mast cells into the blood?
Splenic
What are the staging tests done for mast cell tumors?
CBC (check for circulating mast cells), bone marrow, abdominal ultrasound (look for LN involvement & visceral involvement), thoracic rads (evaluate sternal LNs), cytology, AgNORS
What are the grades for dog mast cell tumors?
1) well differentiated, normal looking cells, granules, no mitosis 2) moderately differentiated, moderately pleimorphic, fine granules, rare mitosies 3) poorly differentiated, pleimorphic cells, poorly granulated.
WHat is a good predictor of outcome in dog mast cell tumors?
mitotic rate
What are prognostic factors in dog mast cell tumors?
BAD: fast growth, ulcerated, fixed, invasive tumors, locatied on muzzle, pinnae, nail bed, oral, mucocutaneous, prepuce, scrotum, viscera, bone marrow. High mitotic rate. Clinically ill at diagnosis. High grade. Advanced stage. High mitotic index. High AgNORS.
What are the effects of histamine relesase of mast cell tumors?
GI problems- induced release of HCl from parietal cells. Heparin release may cause increasd bleeding of FNA at biopsy. Histamine can cause hyperemia, pruritis, swelling, pain.
How do you treat mast cell tumors?
Surgically excise with 2-3 cm margins. In cats less wide margins, less locally invasive. Then radiation for microscopic disease. Chemo can extend survival of grade 3 or sytemic MCT cases from 6 months to one year.
What chemo drugs are used for non-resectable mast cell tumors?
Prednisone and vinblastine to effect. Don't follow protocols.
What adjunctive therapies are good for mast cell tumors?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (palladia)
Antihistamines, antiserotonergic agents (cats), mucosal protectants. All dogs with visible masses: H1 and H2 blockers for life
Do soft tissue sarcomas grow quickly? What can cause them?
Yes. Trauma, parasites, irradiation
Where do soft tissue sarcomas met to?
Lungs, but slow to met.
What tests are done to diagnose a dog with with a soft tissue sarcoma?
CBC, Chem, UA, thoracic rads (lung mets) CT, US, MRI (good for abdominal LNs, determine local extent of tumor), FNA (may not exfoliate, but if it does will show mesenchymal cells that look malignant) Biopsy
On what criteria are soft tissue sarcomas graded?
Differentiation, mitosis numbers, tumor necrosis
What tumor types are lumped together under the title "soft tissue sarcoma"?
Fibrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, neurofibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma
What is the metastatic rate of soft tissue sarcomas?
41% of grade 3 metastasize, 13% of grade 1 metastasize, 7% of grade 2 metastasize
Do soft tissue sarcomas have capsules?
NO. They have pseudocapsules but actually have fingers of malignant cells infiltrating through fascial planes
What is treatment for soft tissue sarcomas?
Surgery with wide margins. Tag mass if margins aren't clear so pathologist can check. Radiation either after surgery to clean up margins or before to sterilize cells because skin flaps are necessary. Chemo if mets to LNs or a really young dog, or if no radiation available.
Which type of vaccine causes vaccine associated sarcomas in cats?
Killed vaccines with adjuvant
How do you diagnose VA sarcomas?
FNA (mesenchymal cells, lots of pleiomorphism, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ration, multinucleated giant cells), rads (mets to lungs in 25%), biopsy.
Which form of VA sarcomas is the most common?
Fibrosarcoma
Which vaccines are associated with VA sarcomas?
Rabies and FeLV
How do you treat VA Sarcomas in cats?
Surgery with wide margins- first surgery has best chance to control. Radiation has some benefit. Chemo may prolong survival but is not curative. If not completely excisable it will be fatal.
What are differentials for chronic nasal discharge/epistaxis?
tooth abscess, fungal infection (crypto in cats, aspergillosis), foreign body,bacterial infection, viral rhinitis (cats) tumor. Coagulopathy, foreign body, lymphocytic, plasmacytic rhinitis
What are some signs of a nasal tumor?
Sneezing, nasal discharge, unilateral epistaxis, brief response to antibiotics, decreased retropulsion, exopthalmus, stertor, facial deformity, enlarged LNs
What are diagnostic tests for nasal tumors?
CBC, Chem, UA, coag panel, Mandibular LN aspirates, thoracic rads, CT of head, nasal rads (bony lysis?) rhinoscopy. Biopsy (bleed alot!)
What is the biologic behavior of nasal tumors?
Locally invasive! Go through cribiform to brain and orbit. Low metastatic rate.
What kind of nasal tumors do dogs get?
2/3 carcinomas, 1/3 sarcomas
What kind of nasal tumors do cats geet?
lymphoma mostly, some carcinoma
How do you treat cat nasal tumors?
If localized- radiation, also chemo
If a dog with a nasal tumor gets no therapy, how long will it live?
3 months
If surgery is done on a nasal tumor, how long will animal live?
4 months
If radiation is done on a dog with a nasal tumor how long can it live?
12-18 months if carcinoma or sarcoma, 8-10 months if squamous cell carcinoma
If radiation is done on a cat with a nasal tumor, how long will it live?
carcinoma or sarcoma- 12 months. Lymphosarcoma- 24 months.
What are two paraneoplastic syndromes seen in animals with primary lung tumors?
Lung-digit in cats, hypertrophic osteopathy in dogs
What types of primary lung tumors are there?
Adenocarcinoma is most common, also squamous cell carcinoma (worse prognosis), lymphoma (uncommon primary tumor)
Do primary lung tumors metastasize?
Yes! 75% in cats, 50% of undifferentiated adenocarcinomas and over 90% of SCCs in dogs.
How do you diagnose a primary lung tumor?
CBC, Chem, UA (normal or hypercalcemic), thoracic rads (can be single lesion or miliary) bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, transtracheal wash, CT scan, excisional biopsy, FNA- PERIPHERY OF MASS avoid necrotic center) Thoracocentesis if effusion.
How do you treat primary lung tumors?
Complete lobectomy, chemo as an advuvant
Do you use radiation for lung tumors?
NO. Normal tissue toxicity.
What are negative prognostic factors for dogs with primary lung tumors?
mets, clinical signs, poorly differentiated, large, pleural effusion, perihilar, squamous cell carcinoma.
What are negative prognostic factors in cats?
undifferentiated (live 2.5 months) if differentiated live 23 months), enlarged LNs
In mysathenia gravis, what are antibodies directed against?
acetylcholine receptor on post synaptic membrane
What kind of hypersensitivity is myasthenia gravis?
type 2
What are the 3 forms of myasthenia gravis?
Focal, chronic generalized, acute fulminate generalized
What are classic signs of myasthenia gravis?
regurg (megaesophagus), nose dive collapse
How do you diagnose myasthenia gravis?
Aceetylcholine receptor antibody titers,
tensilon (edrophonium) test. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
How do you treat myasthenia gravis?
pyridostigmine bromide. Can immunosuppress, but often have aspiration pneumonia
What causes systemic lupus erythematosis?
loss of control of B cell resulting in polyclonal gammopathy with autoantibodies produced
What kind of hypersensititivity os SLE?
Type 3 hypersensitivity (sometimes 2 and 4)
What are the four forms of SLE?
Dermatologic, orthopedic hematologic, systemic
What characterizes hematologic SLE:
thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia
What characterizes systemic SLE?
glomerular disease, vasculitis, myocarditis, pulmonary thromboembolism
What do you need to diagnose SLE?
a positive anti-nuclear antibody test plus: immune mediated arthritis, skin disease, complex glomerulonephritis, AIHA, ITP, serosal inflammation, neurologic disease, polymyositis, endocrine disease, coagulopathy, pneumonitis
What are LE cells?
Lupoid cells. They have phagocytized antibody coated cellular material in them
How do you treat SLE?
Immunosuppression (prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporine, chlorambucil), pain meds, infection control, omega 3 fatty acids
What is attacked in masticatory myositis?
Type 2M fibers
What is used to diagnose masticatory myositis?
increased AST and CPK, type 2M antibody titer, muscle biopsy (look for necrosis and phagocytosis of 2M fibers), do EMG
What type of hypersensitivity is IMHA?
Type 2 (cytotoxic)
What mediates intravascular IMHA?
complement
What are unique signs of intravascular IMHA?
hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, non-regenerative
What are unique features of extravascular IMHA?
splenomegaly, icterus, regenerative
Which type of IMHA is most common in dogs?
primary
Which type of IMHA is most common in cats?
secondary
What dogs are predisposed to IMHA and ITP?
cockers, springers, sheepdog, irish setter, poodle, g. shepherd
What diagnostics do you do for IMHA?
look at blood for retics, parasites, slide agglutination, coombs test, tick panel, rads, cross match, AST elevation due to hepatic hypoxia
What drugs are used to stop IMHA?
Glucocorticoids, azathioprine, cyclosporine, IV human Ig. Plus azithromycin, doxycycline
What do you use to manage side effects of IMHA?
low dose aspirin, low molecular wt or unfractionated heparin to stop clots from forming.
What are poor prognostic factors for IMHA?
low albumin, high blirubin, old age, continued agglutination
What can be given to increase platelets?
Vincristine, DMSO preserved platelets.