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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Typically, how thick are the cell walls of the capillaries and why?
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One cell thick
To allow a single red blood cell to pass at a time |
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What functions take place in capillary beds?
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Exchanges of:
Gases Nutrients Wastes Hormones |
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How does exchange happen in the capillary beds
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Via hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure through a semi-permeable membrane
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Important details about Continuous Capillaries
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Least leaky of the capillaries
Found in skin, muscles, brain Connect endothelial cells |
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Important details about Fenestrated Capillaries
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Fenestra = "window" (think German "fenster")
Food Flows Freely More permeable than continuous Used in absorptic or filtrate formation (endocrine glands, kidneys) |
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Important details about Sinusoidal Capillaries
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Mostly leaky
Allows macrophages to leave bloodstream and get into tissues Fewer tight junctions, larger intercellular clefts, large lumens Allow large molecules & blood cells to pass Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen |
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What types of capillaries are found in capillary beds & what do they do?
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Vascular shunt (throroughfare channel) that directly connects the terminal arteriole and postcapillary venule
True Capillaries - 10 to 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed, these branc off the metarteriole or terminal arteriole |
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Blood enters the heart via the _______
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superior and inferior cava
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Both superior vena cava and inferior vena cava empty into the _________
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right atrium
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Blood flows through _______ into the right ventricle
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tricuspid valve
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From the right ventricle, blood flows through the _________ into the ____________
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pulmonic semilunar valvues
pulmonary trunk |
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From the lungs, oxygenated blood flows to the heart via ___________ to the ________
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left and right pulmonary veins
left atrium |
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From the left & right pulmonary veins, blood travels through the __________ valve into the ________.
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mitral (bicuspid) valve
left ventricle |
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From the left ventricle, blood travels through the ______ valve up to ____________ .
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aortic semilunar valve
aorta and systemic system |
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What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
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Prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
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Name the AV valves
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Tricuspid valve (right)
Mitral Valve (left) also called bicuspid |
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_____________ anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles
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Chordae tendineae
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Where do the pulmonary valves lead?
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To the left atrium
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Where does blood in the brachiocephalic trunk go?
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to the right side of the head or to right arm via the braciocephalic artery
(1st left out of aorta) |
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Where does blood from the left common carotid artery go?
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to the left side of the head via the left carotid artery
(2nd exit from aorta) |
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Where does blood from the far left aortal artery go
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it becomes the left subclavian artery, feeding blood to the left side of the body
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Are there more arteries or more veins in the body?
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there are more branches in venous return than in arterial circulation
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Name the arteries in the tibial area
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posterior tibial artery
peroneal artery (branches off posterior tibial artery) Afternior tibial artery |
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What is the difference between thoracic and abdominal?
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thoracic - above diaphragm
abdominal - below diaphragm |
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Arteries and Veins to kidneys & gonads
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Renal artery - Renal vein: kidneys
Gonadal arteries Gonadal veins: right goes directly into IVC, left joins left renal vein before joining IVC |
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All blood in systemic circulation returning from digestive organs must pass through the __________ first before going into the IVC.
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liver
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Arteries of the Celiac Trunk (Portal Circulation)
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common hepatic artery (liver)
Left gastric artery (stomach) Splenic artery (spleen) Superior mesenteric artery (Intestine, colon) Inferior mesenteric artery (large intestine) |
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Veins of the Celiac Trunk (portal circulation)
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Hepatic veins - take filtered blood from liver
hepatic portal veins - directs blood from gastrointestinal system to liver gastric veins - located in the stomach splenic vein - spleen inferior mesenteric vein - drains large intestine Superior mesenteric vein - drains blood from small intestine |
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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The nephron
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What is osmolality, and what does it have to do with blood pressure?
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Plasma osmolarity measures the body's electrolyte-water balance. when the body is thirsty, the body has increased osmolality of extracellular fluid, decreased saliva, and dry mouth.
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When you breathe, the pressure in your ______________ decreases, and pressure within your ___________ increases. The end result is that when you breathe, you propel _______ to the ___________.
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thoracic cavity decreases
abdominal pressure increases propels blood back toward the heart |
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What is the fibrous connective tissue that protects, anchors, and prevents heart overfilling?
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Superficial fibrous pericardium
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What are the two layers of the serious pericardium?
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Parietal layer - lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer - (epicardium) - on the external surface of the heart. These layers are separated by a serous fluid which reduces friction |
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Layers of the heart wall
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Epicardium - visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium - spiral bundles of cardiac muscle walls Endocardium - lines chamber of heart and is continuous with endothelial lining of blood walls |
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Layers of the heart from outside to innermost layer
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Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity (space), epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, heart chamber
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What separates the atria and ventricles?
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Atria separated by interatrial septum
Ventricles separated by interventricular septum |
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Vessels entering left atrium
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right & left pulmonary veins
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Which vessels deliver blood to the heart?
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Coronary arteries
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Which vessel leaves the right ventricle?
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The pulmonary trunk
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Which vessel leaves the left ventricle
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aorta (supplies systemic system)
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What "strings" are attached to the papillary muscles and what is their purpose?
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Chordae tendineae, and they prevent backflow
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Name the semilunar valves
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Aortic valve (opening to aorta)
Pulmonary valve (above aortic) between right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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What fibers are embedded in the myocardium that send depolarization for contraction of heart ventricles?
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Purkinje fibers
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True or false: The atria and ventricles fill simultaneously.
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True
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The _____ is a fetal modification found between the atria, while the _______ is found between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
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foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus |
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Which arteries are checked when feet are suspected to be broken to ensure blood is flowing to the feet?
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Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery |
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What does epinephrine and norepinephrine have to do with blood pressure?
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They are excreted by the sympathetic nervous system. They stimulate restriction of vessels, and stimulate the SA node to fire faster
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How does ADH affect blood pressure?
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Triggered by the posterior pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone increases water retention. Together wtih Renin-angiotensin Aldosterone (RAA), they increase blood volume by retaining water.
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What triggers the kidney to release renin?
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Low fluid volume moving through the nephron
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What is the purpose of aldosterone?
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This hormone acts on the collecting ducts of the kidneys (nephrons) and causes the nephron to retain water
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What are aquaporins
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hormones caused by ADH that trigger the sodium/potassium pumps embedded in nephron to release water
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What is the path of sodium as is leaves the collecting duct of the nephron?
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Water follows the sodium. BP falls, which triggers renin, which triggers angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, then aldosteron, which leads to sodium retention, and BP goes up again.
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Ways the body can decrease blood pressure
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) causes potassium retention (therefore sodium extretion) urination, and blood volume decreases
Nitric oxide: inflammatory chemicals such as histamine and prostaglandins, used for chest pain and is the chemical leading to penile erection |
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How much of the body's blood is found in the heart?
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1/20th
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The role of the coronary arteries is to ______
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supply blood to the heart
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Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ____
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left atrium
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Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
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right ventricle
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What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?
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pericardial cavity
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Which is the outermost layer of the heart?
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Fibrous pericardium
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Which veins return blood to the heart?
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Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava coronary sinus |
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Into what vessel does the left ventricle eject blood?
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aorta
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Into what chamber do the pulmonary veins send blood?
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Left atrium
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Into which chamber of the heart do the IVC, SVC, and coronary sinus return deoxygenated blood?
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right atria
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Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the aorta to the systemic circuit?
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left ventricle
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Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood via the pulmonary circuit?
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Left atrium
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Which artery serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart?
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right marginal artery
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From what vessel to the left and right coronary arteries arise?
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the aorta
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The layers of the heart wall, from superficial to deep, are _______, _______, & _______.
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epicardium
myocardium endocardium |
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The heart has ___# chambers and ____# valves.
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4 & 4
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Which vessels deliver blood to the right atrium?
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Superior & inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
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What happens when semilunar valves are open?
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AV valves are closed
Blood enters pulmonary arteries and aorta Ventricles are in systole |
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The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it _________ .
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Pumps blood against a greater resistance
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When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by _______ .
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noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
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The ___________ are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the ______________ during ventricular contraction does not occur.
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AV valves
atria |
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Which valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle?
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The tricuspid valve
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True or false: the myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.
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True
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True or false: the left side of the heart pumps the same volume as the right
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True
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The ___________ carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right arm
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superior vena cava
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The ___________ carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium
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coronary sinus
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The ____________ carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium
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inferior vena cava
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The structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium is the _________.
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mitral (biscuspid) valve
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The vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues is the ___________.
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aorta
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The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart are called ___________.
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systemic capillaries
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The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle is the ___________.
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aortic semilunar valve
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Pulmonary veins: Oxygen-rich, or oxygen poor?
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Oxygen rich
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Pulmonary arteries: Oxygen-rich, or oxygen-poor?
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Oxygen poor
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The heart's pacemaker is the
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SA node
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Which portion of the ECG represents when the atria repolarize?
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QRS complex
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Increasing extracellular potassium levels has what affect on the heart?
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Decreased contractility
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The QRS complex on an EKG represents ___________.
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ventricular depolarization
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Normal heart sounds are caused by what?
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Closure of the heart valves
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Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole?
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Pulmonary trunk
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Which vessels receive blood during ventricular systole?
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The aorta and pulmonary trunk
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The tricuspid valve is closed when ____________ .
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When the ventricle is in systole
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What does the T wave of the EKG represent?
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Ventricular repolarization
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True or false: An ECG provides direct information about valve function
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False
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Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
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the SA node
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What does the ECG wave tracing represent?
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electrical activity of the heart
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What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
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ventricular depolarization
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Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
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P wave
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Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
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The AV node
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True or False: The pulmonary circuit is not active in the developing fetus.
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True
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A patent ductus arteriosus permits _____
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blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary trunk
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Which layer of the typical blood vessel is constructed from simple squamous epithelium?
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The tunica intima
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Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated via vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
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Tunica Media
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What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall for an artery or vein?
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Tunica externa
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Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
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Tunica media
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Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction
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False-- it is the lumen relaxing that causes vasodilation
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The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________.
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arterioles
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Leaky capillaries found in the bone marrow are called __________.
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Sinusoid capillaries. Also found in liver, spleen, and adrenal medulla
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Which type of capillary is found in the blood-brain barrier?
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Continuous capillaries
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True or False: A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.
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True
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True or False: Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.
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True
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Angiontentin II does what to BP?
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Raises it by raising peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
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Epinephrine and noepinephrine have what effect on BP?
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Raises it by increasing CO (HR & contractility)
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Atrial Natriuretic peptides (ANP) have what effect on BP?
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Decreases it by decreasing peripheral resistance (vasodilation)
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has what effect on BP?
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Raises it by raising blood volume via kidney tubule cells and increasing peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction) in the arterioles
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Aldosterone has what effect on BP?
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Raises it by increasing blood volume by decreasing water and salt loss in the kidney tubule cells
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Which of the following is involved in long-term blood pressure regulation?
Baroreceptors Kidneys Higher brain center Chemoreceptor reflexes |
Kidneys
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Which hormone of the indirect renal mechanism promotes sodium reabsorption by the kidneys to increase mean arterial pressure?
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Aldosterone
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What would be the effect of a high salt diet on blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer?
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Increased blood pressure. This is due to increased sodium in the blood, increasing the total extracellular fluid volume.
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The three main factors affecting blood volume
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Heart -- Cardiac Output?
Blood Vessels - Peripheral resistance Kidneys -- Blood Volume |
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Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II nitric acid ADH |
Nitric acid
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The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via.... ?
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reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers
chemoreceptors reflex arcs involving baroreceptors |
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The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to________.
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changes in arterial pressure
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Blood from the lower limbs is returned to the heart via the __________.
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Inferior vena cava
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The inferior vena cava carries blood __________ the __________ of the heart.
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to
right atrium |
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Substances absorbed in the intestines would be routed to the liver via the __________.
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hepatic portal vein
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What is the effect of hypovolemic shock on the blood vessels and the heart?
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Blood vessels constrict to increase venous return and maintain pressure. Heart rate increases to compensate for loss of blood pressure and to maintain cardiac output.
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Which reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
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hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
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In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.
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blood pressure
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The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
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capillary
interstitial fluid |
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What would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
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34 mm Hg
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The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.
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proteins in the blood
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Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
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Net osmotic pressure
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Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
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Venous
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Which vessel leaves the right ventricle of the heart to take oxygen-poor, dark red blood into pulmonary circulation?
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Pulmonary trunk
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Which vessel(s) return(s) oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart to complete the pulmonary circuit?
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Pulmonary veins
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Which vessel(s) of the pulmonary circuit transport(s) oxygen-rich blood?
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Pulmonary veins
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Which artery branches into the common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and left gastric artery?
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Celiac Trunk
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Which vein is the longest in the body and empties into the femoral vein?
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The Great Sapphenous Vein
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Which of the heart's vessels are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
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right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
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