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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Big Bang |
13.7 billion years ago, concentrated mass and energy exapnds cools as it expanded |
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Nebula |
cloud of dust, gas, debris where stars form
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condensation theory |
spinning nebula shrinks, heats --> condenses and flattens --> hyrdrogen fuses to create helium --> energy created --> star forms |
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supernova |
star at end of life stage, collapses, explodes again, creates a big wave of energy, elements fuse together to form elements heavier than iron (only supernova can provide enough energy to form elements with greater mass than iron) |
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accretion |
new planets formed in disk of dust and debris surrounding young sun (earth formed by accretion of cold particles) |
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Density stratification |
earth partially melts due to heat created by impact of asteroids, comets, debris --> liquids stratified by density (pulled by gravity) |
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early compostion of earth |
CO2, nitrogen, water vapor (now its mostly oxygen and nitrogen) |
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first evidence of voyaging |
from trade in mediterannean sea |
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Greeks |
900-700BCE first cartographers |
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Library of Alexandria |
Egypt founded in 3rd cent. BCE |
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Polynesians |
inhabited 10,000 islands celestial navigation changes in wave patterns flight tracks of birds smell and temp of water sunrise sunset color hue of moon |
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viking raiders |
bands of scandinavian explorers and adventurers Gokstad europe's longest ranging vessel |
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Chinese |
system of inland waterways greatest fleet ever explored indian ocean, tip of africa compass central rudder watertight compartments sophisticated sails on multiple masts |
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Age of European Discover |
1453: turks capture constantinople, need a new trade route to asia prince henry the navigator christopher columbus ferdinand magellan (pacific ocean measured too small, he died on the way) |
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mantle chemical composition |
oxygen, magnesium, silicon, iron (asthenosphere and lower mantle) |
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conduction |
some internal heat journeys to Earth's surface |
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convection |
heat rising in mantle and asthenosphere |
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isostatic equilibrium |
continents floating on asthenosphere (displaces liquid volume) (buoyancy) |
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fault |
when uplift or downbending fractures rock |
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Pacific Ring of fire |
surrounding pacific ocean deep earthquakes correspond with system of oceanic ridges |
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midatlantic ridge |
conforms to shape of shorlines |
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seafloor spreading |
ridges are spreading centers where new ocean floor rises from asthenosphere |
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subduction |
crust plunging into mantle along periphery of pacific |
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ocean-continent convergence |
violent volcanoes as magma rises through overlying layers |
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ocean ocean convergence |
deep trench formed --> underwater volcanoes --> become islands when they emerge above sea level |
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continent continent convergence |
mountains
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transform plate boundaries |
--> transform faults |
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paleomagnetism |
when magma erupts and cools, they align with direciton of magnetic field at that moment --> alternating magnetic bands |
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mantle plume |
continent sized columns of super heated mantle --> hotspots superplume lifts africa |
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water thermal characteristics |
prevents crazy changes in temp from day to day season to season (thermostatic balancing effect) polar molecule (behaves like a magnet) can easily dissolve other molecules (because of polarity) more heat needed to raise temp because hydrogen bonds strong
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why ice is less dense than water |
hydrogen bonds become frigid and expand to form crystal lattices (angle 105-109) |
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sensible heat loss |
occurs as liquid is on its way to freezing point |
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latent heat of fusion |
not sensible (80 cal/1g/1c) |
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latent heat of vaporization |
water removes heat from surface as it evaporates 540 cal/1g/c --> heat input that does not cause temp change but rather change in state |
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sea water |
96.5% pure water 3.5% dissolved substances lowers latent heat to .96cal/g/c evaporates more slowly because salt holds on to water molecules |
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movement of heat from tropics towards poles caused by |
atmospheric and ocean currents |
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tropic zones |
precipitation>evaporation |
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temperate zones |
evaporation>precipitation --> higher salinity |
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density |
increases with salinity and temp, decreases ast temp increases |
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Ocean stratified into 3 density zones |
surface zone (least dense) Pynocline: density sharply increases as deth increases (b/c of decrease in water temp: thermocline) Deep zone: little additional change in density |
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halocline |
zone of rapid salinity increase |
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thermocline |
temp changes rapidly with depth (parallel to pynocline layer) |
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hydrologic cycle |
85% water in atmosphere evaporates from ocean |
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diffusion |
dissolved substances move from high concentrated regions to low concentrated regions |
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heat capacity relative to salinity |
heat capacity of water decreases as salinity increases (more evaporation in more saline areas like in temperate zones) |
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mercator's map |
doesn't distort high latitudes as dramatically but distorts size of oceans and land masses (greenland not actually as large as africa) petersons map more accurate of sizes |
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how does volume of H20 change during heating process |
volume increases |
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approximate volume ocean |
1370x10^6 km^3 |
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approximate volume of atmosphere |
1/100,000 of ocean: .013x10^6 |
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elements which make up most of Earth's crust |
oxygen, silicon |
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homogenous accretion theory |
one big hot mass of stuff --> density stratification |
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inhomogenous accretion theory |
layers formed one at a time (core first) |
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ocean ocean divergence |
form oceanic ridges |
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continent continent divergence |
form rift valleys |
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fresh water is most dense at which temperature |
4 degrees celcius |
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potential temperature |
removes the effect of compression on temp (compression heats things up) to get an accurate reading on density related to temp |
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How long has liquid water been present on Earth as an ocean? |
3.8 billion years |
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The net direction of water movement caused by Ekman Transport is: |
90 degrees to the right in the northern hemisphere |
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The average depth of the ocean is approximately |
4,000 meters |
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What is the difference in wavelength between visible radiation and infrared radiation? |
visible radiation has a shorter wavelength compared to infrared radiation |
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which latitudes would experience the strongest coriolis effect? |
polar latitudes (ex. 80 deg north) |
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how to calculate longitude |
110cos(latitude) |
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indicate whether you would expect to see upwelling or downwelling off the california coast |
upwelling: cold winds from north moves south along coast. coriolis effect moves surface waves to the left (away from coast), deep ocean rises from underneath in areas where surface waves used to be |
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indicate whether you would expect to see upwelling or downwelling in the middle of the pacific ocean at 30 deg north |
downwelling: currents moving clockwise pile up forming a dome of pressure which pushes outward towards continental boundaries causing downwelling |
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ex. of transform boundary |
memorial stadium in berkeley |
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ex. of convergent boundary |
himalayas |
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ex. of divergent boundary |
mid-atlantic ridge |
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which ocean contains the deepest point on Earth? What kind of plate boundary forms this feature? |
Challenger deep in pacific ocean convergent plates form trench |
