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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the nucleus of an atom made of?
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Protons and neutrons.
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What is the relative charge of an electron?
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-1
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What is the relative charge of a proton?
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+1
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What is the relative charge of a neutron?
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0
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What is the relative mass on an electron?
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0.0005
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What is the relative mass of a proton?
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1
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What is the relative mass of a neutron?
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1
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What is an isotope?
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Elements with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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Groups are what?
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Elements with the same amount of electrons in the outer shell.
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How are groups arranged?
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Vertically
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What do periods increase in order of?
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In order of how many shells the electrons occupy.
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How are periods arranged?
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Horizontally.
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What did John Dalton do?
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Developed the early theory of atoms.
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Who confirmed John Dalton's theory?
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JJ Thompson, Rutherford and Bohr.
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Geiger and Mardsen's findings confirmed or disproved Dalton?
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Disproved
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What are atoms with 8 electrons in the outer shell?
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Stable electronic Structure
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How an atoms become stable?
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By transferring electrons.
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What does OIL RIG stand for?
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Oxidation is loss
Reduction is gain |
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Metals atoms lose/gain electrons to become stable?
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Lose, and become a positive ion.
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Non-metal atoms gain/lose electrons to become stable?
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Gain to become negative ions.
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What is the process of ionic bonding?
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A metal atom becomes a positive atom by losing an electron and non-metal gains an electron to become a negative ion. These then attract each other.
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How do we illustrate ionic bonding?
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Dot and cross diagram
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Draw a diagram for the ionic bonding of Magnesium and Oxygen.
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What is the structure of sodium chloride or magnesium oxide?
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Giant ionic lattice with have strong electrostatic attraction.
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When does sodium chloride conduct electricity?
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In solution or molten
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When does MgO conduct electricity?
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When molten
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Why does MgO have a higher boiling point than NaCl?
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-Stronger electrostatic attraction
-Each Mg donates 2 electrons to each oxygen whereas Na only does 1 to chlorine -Mg has tiny radius so gets very close to the oxygen which makes bonds stronger |
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What is covalent bonding?
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Non-metals share electron pairs between atoms.
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Draw a dot and cross diagram for Cl2
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Why don't CO2 and H2O conduct electricity?
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There's no free electrons.
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The group number is the same as?
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The number of electrons in the outer shell
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In 1865, what did Newlands do?
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Put 56 elements into groups and found that every 8th one behaved similarly.
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In 1869, what did Mendeleev do?
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Arranged elements into a table and noticed periodic changes in properties. He also noticed gaps and predicted more elements would be found.
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In 1891 what did Mendeleev's table not contain?
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The noble gasses.
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What are the properties of group one metals?
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-React vigorously with water
-Give off hydrogen -Reacts with water to form an alkali (the hydroxide of the metal) |
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Put these in order of reactivity:
Sodium Lithium Potassium |
Most to least
1. Potassium 2. Sodium 3. Lithium (Reactivity increases down the group) |
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What is the process called when an atom loses an electron?
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Oxidation
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How can we test if lithium, sodium or potassium are present in a compound?
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The flame test
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Explain the process of the flame test
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-A flame test wire is moistened with dilute hydrochloric acid
-Then dipped into the solid chemical -Then put over a blue Bunsen flame -Colours of flames are recorded |
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What colour will a flame burn if lithium is present?
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Red
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What colour will a flame burn if sodium is present?
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Yellow
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What colour will a flame burn if potassium is present?
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Lilac
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At room temp, what is chlorine?
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A green gas
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What is bromine at room temp?
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Orange liquid
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What is iodine at room temp?
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Grey solid
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Why are atoms with less shells more reactive?
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The nearer the outside shell is to the nucleus, the more pull there is and thus it's easier to pull in an electron. This means it's more reactive.
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What is a halogen?
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A group 7 element
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What happens when halogens react with alkali metals?
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A metal halide is formed.
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Name a metal halide
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Potassium iodide
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What happens if a halide is bubbled through solutions of metal halides?
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Either there'll be no reaction, or there'll be a displacement reaction.
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What is a displacement reaction?
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A type of oxidation-reduction reaction when an element or ion moves out of one compound and into another - that is, one element is replaced by another in a compound.
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Give an example of a displacement reaction?
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Cl + KBr --> KCl + Br
Chlorine displaces the bromine to form bromine solution. This makes an orange solution. |
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What colour is the product of a bromine + potassium iodide reaction?
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It's just iodine solution, so red-brown
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What colour are copper compounds?
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Blue
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What colour are Iron(II) compounds?
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Pale green
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What colour are Iron(III) compounds?
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Orange/brown
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What are transition elements often used as?
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Catalysts
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Which catalyst is used in the Haber process?
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Iron
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What catalyst is used in the manufacture of margarine?
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Nickel
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What happens when a metal carbonate is heated?
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It undergoes thermal decomposition
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What is a catalyst?
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A chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not changed or used up by the reaction.
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How do we identify the presence of metal ions in a solution?
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Add sodium hydroxide solution
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What colour does Cu2+ turn when you add sodium hydroxide solution?
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Blue solid
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What colour does Fe2+ turn when you add sodium hydroxide solution?
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Grey/green solid
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What colour does Fe3+ turn when you add sodium hydroxide solution?
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Orange/brown gelatinous solid
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Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ are all ...?
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Metal hydroxide precipitates
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Name a physical property of copper
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High thermal conductivity- making it good for saucepans.
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Name a chemical property of gold
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Resistance to attack by oxygen
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Name some physical properties of metals
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Lustrous, malleable, ductile
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Why is aluminium good for making car frames?
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It has low density
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Name three conductive metals
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Copper, silver and gold
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What is a metallic bond?
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Strong electrostatic force between close-packed positive metal ions and a sea of de-localised electrons.
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What are superconductors?
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Materials that conduct with little or no resistance as there's no magnetic fields inside it. Mercury is one at -268.8 degrees.
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What are the potential benefits of superconductors?
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-Loss free power transmission
-Superfast electric circuits -Powerful electromagnets |
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Why is the use of superconductors low?
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Because they require extreme temperatures
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What are so pollutants found in river water?
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-Nitrates from fertilisers
-Pesticides from crop spraying -Lead from old water pipes |
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What are the three stages of water purification?
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Sedimentation: chemicals added make solid particles and bacteria settle out
Filtration: layer of sand or gravel filters out remaining fine particles, some types also filter microbes Chlorination: chlorine added to kill microbes |
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What colour is barium sulphate?
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white
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What colour is silver bromide?
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cream
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What colour is silver iodide?
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yellow
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What colour is silver chloride?
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white
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