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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factions |
Political parties and special interest or interest groups, a group with a particular driving interest. They are interpreted as toxic to representative democracy because they band together to suppress minority opinions |
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Pluralism |
A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and corrupting groups can check the asserted power by any one group |
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Federalist 10 |
A paper written by James Madison explaining pluralism, or how in a large democracy factions will be suppressed by other factions |
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Interest Group |
A collection of people who share a common interest or attitude and seek to influence the government through its framework, often for specific ends. |
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Special Interest |
A term used to describe interest groups that conveys a selfish or narrow view that may lack credibility |
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Movements that lead to the creation of interest groups |
People interested in a certain issue, or movement, can form and interest group for achieving their goal. A Pro-Gun movement could lead to the formation of NRA like groups |
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Types of interest groups |
Economic Ideological Public Interest Foreign Policy Public Sector Other |
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Economic |
Business A large corporation has legal divisions and departments that seek to influence government for their benefit (ex. Coke) Trade and Other Associations Businesses with similar interests joining together to exercise political power (ex. NAR) Labor (Unions) Workers' associations that have ranges of interest from wages to professional standards to working conditions of their members- may benefit only their members, or all of the profession (Ex. AFL-CIO) Professional Associations Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are organized for political purposes related to that profession, like a union (Ex. AMA) |
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Ideological/Single Issue |
Groups that revolve around a common view on a single issue or range of issues, with the desire for government to pursue policies in alignment with their interests. (NRA) |
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Public Interest |
Try to "Benefit Public" by working for policies that "Benefit them" (PIRGs) |
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Foreign Policy |
Interest groups organized to promote or oppose foreign policy, sometimes just for providing resources rather than a stance on a particular issue. (CFR) |
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Public Sector |
Different government jobs and groups unionize in a sense to form a public sector interest group. (National Governors Association) |
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Other Interest Groups |
Many aspects that influence identity are attached to interests and create interest groups, such as one's religion. |
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Collective action, importance of size |
How groups form and organize to pursue their goals or objectives Size is equivalent to influence usually, but will often mean less decisiveness, as collective action is difficult |
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Types of members |
Leaders, full time, paid positions, much time, effort, money Intensely involved, identify with aims, attend meetings, pay dues Members in name only, the majority, cannot be depended on to vote in a certain way |
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Open shop, Closed Shop |
Open shop- One is not required to join a union to get a job in a profession Closed shop- One is required to be part of a union to be employed |
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Free Rider Problem |
In the open shop system, everyone in the profession benefits without paying dues, making it more beneficial to not pay dues and reap the benefits |
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Organizational structure of IGs |
Small leadership that must tread cautiously on the different interests in and of the IG itself |
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IGs techniques to exert influence |
Lobbying- engaging in activities aimed at influencing public official, particularly Legislators. E.g. meetings, brochures, providing information/statistics. -- use to make current politicians aware before electing new ones, create issue networks Direct Contact- Collaboration with the government directly on an issue or topic, often through the federal register, through which interest groups can comment on and edit proposed policy -- most direct method of effect, also more covert Litigation- engaging in lawsuits and cases to change law violations relating to an issue, or raise attention-- raises much attention, can affect easily nation or state wide. Publicity- spreading the message to the public and mobilizing, the internet is now the key tool for this--Rally supporters, gain new supporters, try to argue message Campaign Contributions, Support of Candidates- From PACs, use bundling to raise money and gain donations in other way, support parties and candidates of parties who are partial to their position. Will sometimes donate to a variety of candidates in hopes they will be partial to their position in the future-- elect candidates who are partial to them and will help their interests in office Mass Mailing- Targeted mail to randomly reach and possibly gain supporters, part of publicity. Also used to rally or make current supporters more together-- get new supporters, rally current (ex. NRA report card to decide voting) Protest- Publicity, generate interest and support. Makes clear message, and puts pressure on politicians or groups-- gain attention, quick action for or against a cause |
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Revolving Door |
An employment cycle in which interest regulating government agencies end up working for interest groups |
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Issue Network |
Relationships of interest groups and government officials and committees that share a common policy concern |
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Political/ substantive information |
Information pertaining to lobbying which is provided for politicians |
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PACs |
Political Action Committees, the fund-raising arm of interest groups. |
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Table 6-2 (Pattern of PAC donations) |
PACS are spending tons of money, and more and more as time goes on |
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Limits on contributions |
Contributions have a cap and must be fully disclosed. PAC donations may give only 10,000 to any single federal candidate in an election cycle |
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Hard money v. Soft money |
Hard- Fully disclosed, limited Soft, Unlimited and undisclosed |
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Independent expenditures |
Spendings made independent of a candidate, not to support one or the other, often in support of against an issue position |
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FEC |
The Federal Election Commission, created by FECA, monitors campaign financing against corruption |
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issue ads |
Advertisements not for against a candidate but on an issue, cannot mention vote for or against a candidate, but still can be a loophole to draw support without finance limits |
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Buckley v. Valeo and Citizens United v. FEC impacts |
Buckley V. Valeo- Independent expenditures and candidates spending of their own money could not be limited Citizens United v. FEC- Said theat spending was free speech and took away limits on issue ads and spending of companies own treasuries |
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Electioneering |
Taking part in the activities of a political campaign |
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Fourth Branch of government |
Media is often called this because of its immense influence on politics |
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Mass media, news media |
Mass- means of communication reaching the masses News- mass media focused specifically on reporting news |
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Networks (examples) |
TV Networks- CNN (slightly liberal but more balanced), Fox (conservative), MSNBC (liberal) Radio- NPR, SiriusXM Newspapers: Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post Internet News: Huffington Post, Vox, NowThis, etc. |
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Objective Journalism v. Yellow Journalism |
Journalism began as a type of propaganda and plug for political parties, and was written biased and with slant. Now, many journals struggle to be objective, or impartial and stating the facts, so as not to participate in selective exposure, tailor to all, and spread the truth |
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Investigatory Journalism |
Further reporting on what had been ignored, the truth is further unearthed- finds incredible and horrible truths on occasion, but can also be slanted |
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Reasons for media consolidation |
May take limits off flow of information to public, make news more able National unity in news great spread |
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Regulation of the media- FCC |
Regulates aspects of media Currently friendly to conglomeration and media consolidation (merging of corporations and stations) |
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Selective exposure, selective perception |
Exposure: The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases Perception: The process by which individuals perceive what they want in media messages |
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Media bias |
The tendency of the media to look a certain way on issues, which is always there due to human socialization and selective perception |
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Agenda setting and issue framing on Public opinion |
By calling attention to certain issues, the "hot topics" are determined Issues are spun according to bias, changing public opinion |
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Amount of news coverage of elections |
Often too much on personal on background rather than what a candidate stands for, but also analyzing leads and statistics so it becomes more about who is ahead |
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Media affecting choice of candidates |
Candidate visibility determined by media coverage Candidate who make silly mistakes are often not taken seriously |
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Media coverage of campaign events |
Used to reinforce verbal message and politicians, easy to gain media coverage this way as prominent politician |
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Image making, Spin, Media consultants |
Candidates and politicians have committees to work with media to be portrayed the best and seen as the best, and thus enter or remain in office |
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Horse race |
The tendency to focus more on who's ahead than the campaign issues and stances |
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Negative advertising, attack ads |
Ads against a candidate, many think this is harsh, negative, dirty tactics |
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Relationship between government officials and media |
Government officials use media to change their image and world image, but also media uses itself to portray government officials a certain way |
