By 124 Lab Exam Part 3

Front 1

groups of similar cells organized to execute the same function

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tissue

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study of tissues

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histology

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comprised of various tissues in a funcitional unit

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organ

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organs work to together for a specific task to form an

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organ system

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cells recognize each other by their

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extracellular matrix and carbohydrates on cell membranes

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secreted by fibroblasts or connective tissue

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extracellular matrix

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extracellular matrix is mostly composed of

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glycoproteins

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cells are connected by

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cell junctions

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3 basic categories of cell junctions

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desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

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button-like welds that join opposing cell membranes

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desmosomes

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rivet cells into strong sheet but still allow substances to pass freely through intracellular spaces

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desmosomes

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this typle of cell junction is commonly found in sheets of tisse that are subject to severe stress

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desmosomes

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desmosomes are often found in what kind of muscle

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heart muscle

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intercellular junctions which are tight enough to block transport of substances through the intercellular space

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tight junctions

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have specialized membrane proteins that bond cells tightly together

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tight junctions

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these type of junctions are often found in epithelial laters that separate two kinds of solution

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tight junctions

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tight junctions are often found in the

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intestines (prevents mixing of blood w/ intestinal contents)

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channels or pores through membranes of two cells and across the intracellular space

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gap junctions

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allows electrical communication b/w cells and for the flow of ions and small molecules

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gap junctions

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gap junctions are commonly found areas which require rapid communication such as the

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heart

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tissue that lines and covers

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epithelial

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tissue that binds other tissues together

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connective

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tissue that enables movement

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muscular

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tissue that transmits impulses and responds to stimuli

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nervous

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tissue that is composed of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer or sheet covering the body surface or lining body cavities

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epithelial

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epithelial tissue is usually riveted together by

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tight junctions

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functions of this tissue type include protection, secretion, and sensation

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epithelial

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whenever anything enters or leaves the body it must pass through

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epithelial tissue

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the inner surface of epithelial tissue is anchored to connective tissue by a thin non-cellular layer which is ECM made of ___ fibers, called the ___

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collagen, basement membrane

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three major types of epithelium

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squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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flattened epithelial cells that are shaped like a pancake

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squamous

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thin, delicate and porous tissue that is common for diffusion of things

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squamous

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squamous cells are often found in the

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lungs

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epithelial cells that are often resemble the shape of dice

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cuboidal

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cuboidal cells are often found in the

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lining the kidney tubules, thyroid, and thymus

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elongated epithelial cells that resemble pillars or columns

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columnar

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type of epithelial cell that is very important in absorption of the stomach and intestines

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columnar

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epithelial cells that can have cilia or microvilli on their luminal side

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columnar

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refers to a layer that is only one cell thick

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Simple

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refers to a single layer of flattened cells

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Simple Squamous epithelium

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very "leaky" type of tissue that is excellent for diffusion

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Tissue often found lining the blood vessels and alveoli of the lungs

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

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refers to tissue whereby there are several layers of flattened cells stacked upon each other

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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this type of tissue is found in areas that are subject to abrasion

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium is often found in the

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outer layer of skin, linings of anus and vagina

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further categories of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Keratinized and non-Keratinized

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"waterproofs" the tissue

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keratin

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keratinzation occurs in the

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outer lining of skin (epidermis)

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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium occurs in areas that stay moist but are subject to wear and tear, including the

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vagina, anus, and esophagus

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Simple columnar epithelium is found

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intestinal lining

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Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in areas who main function is secretion

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thyroid gland

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stratified can be used with only ___ and ___

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squamous, cuboidal

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stratified cuboidal epithelium can be found in the

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sweat glands

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tisse that appears to be stratified but isn't

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pseudostratified

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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the

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upper respiratory tract

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all cells that secrete something

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glandular

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cells that secrete their products into a duct are called

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exocrine glands

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secrete their products directly to the bloodstream

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endocrine glands

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types of connective tissue (6):

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bone, adipose, tendon, ligaments, cartilage, and blood

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type of cells that secrete a large amount of non-living matrix (basement membrane)

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connective tissu

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function and nature of each type of connective tissue is based on the nature of its ____

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ECM

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the ECM contains fibers including (3)

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collagen, elastin, and reticular

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fibers that are made of protein

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collagen

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this type of fiber has a whitish appearance

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collagen

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this type of fiber is not elastic and does not tear easily when pulled

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collagen

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type of fiber that is comprised of long threads of the protein elastin

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elastin

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type of fiber that is rubbery in consistency and complements collagen

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elastin

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type of fiber that are yellowish in appearance

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elastin

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these fibers can restore their shape after being stretched

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elastin

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fiber that is comprised of collagen and is attatched to collagen

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reticular

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fiber that is thin and branched

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reticular

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fibers that form a tightly-woven sheet joining connective tissue to adjacent tissue

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reticular

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very thin and delicate tissue that is used to hold organs in place and bind epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

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loose (areolar) connective tissue

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type of connective tissue that contains all three fiber types

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loose areolar connective tissue

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The two major cell types found in loose areolar connective tissue are :

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macrophages and fibroblasts

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cells that secrete protein of the ECM

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fibroblasts

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phagocytic, amoeboid cells that function on the immune system

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macrophages

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tissues of this type have no distinct arrangement of fibers

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loose areolar connective tissue

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specialized type of loose connective tissue in which adipocytes enlarge and store lipids

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adipose (fat) connective tissue

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type of tissue that insulates against heat loss, pads against injury, and provides nutrients storage

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adipose (fat) connective tissue

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matrix in this type of tissue if a thick interlacing matted network of collagen fibers in parallel bundles

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Fibrous/Dense Connective Tissue

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Fibrous/Dense Connective Tissue can be grouped into two groupings:

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Regular and Irregular

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Fibrous/Dense Connective Tissue that has a more tightly packed appearance

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Dense Regular

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tends to have fibers in interwoven bundles and has more space betwen them

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Dense Irregular

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tendons and ligaments are types of

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dense regular tissues

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are not elastic , but are flexible cable like cords that connect skeletal muscles to bone

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Tendons

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are somewhat elastic and connect bone to bone

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Ligaments

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dense irregular connective tissue can be found in areas such as

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the dermis layer of the skin

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composes the embryonic, supporting skeleton of vertebrates

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cartilage

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has very dense collagen fibers

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cartilage

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collagen fibers that make up cartilage are embedded in a rubbery matrix called

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chondroitin sulfate

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found in small chambers/spaces of lacuna

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chondrocytes

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secrete chondroitin sulfate and collagen

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chondrocytes

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specilized form of dense connective tissue

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cartilage

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three types of cartiliage

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elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage

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type of cartilage that is characterized by the high number of elastic fibers present

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elastic cartilage

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elastic cartilage is found in areas that need flexible support such as the

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esophagous and ears

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type of cartilage that is characterized by lack of elastin fibers

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Hyaline cartilage

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Hyaline cartilage is found in areas that need a more rigid support such as the

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trachea, ends of long bones, and ends of ribs

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type of cartilage that is characterized by a scattering of chondrocytes throughout collagenous fibers

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fibrocartilage

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type of cartilage with a wavy appearance

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fibrocartilage

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fibrocartilage is found in the

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inter-verterbral discs

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mineralized connective tissue

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Bone

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bone secretes a ____ throughout life

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calcified matrix

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cells that build bone tissue

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osteoblasts

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calcium salts make the bone ___ while collagen fibers keep it from being to ____

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hard, brittle

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channels running through the matrix of bone

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Haversian canals

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Haversian canals contain

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blood vessels and nerves

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calcified rings located concentrically about the Haversian canal

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lamella

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3 types of cells in bone tissue:

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osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

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function in bone degradation

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osteoclasts

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osteoblasts become osteocytes once they become trapped in the ___

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ECM

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cells that maintain bone tissue and reside in spaces known as lacuna

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Osteocytes

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cell extensions that connect lacuna

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canaliculi

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collective term for a Haversian canal and its surrounding lamella

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osteon

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type of bone that does not have true osteons as seen in compact bones

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spongy bones

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irregular latticework of thin plates of bone inside spongy bone

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trabeculae

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marrow that is responsible for erythrocyte production

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reb marrow

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the matrix of blood is liquid and is called

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plasma

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cells of the blood that carry oxygen

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RBCs

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type of tissue that is comprised of microfilaments that when stimulated by nerve impulses, contract

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muscle tissue

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three types of muscle tissue

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skeletal (voluntary), cardiac, and smooth

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makes up large muscles masses which attatch to the bones

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skeletal (striated/voluntary)

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skeletal muscle is under ___ control

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voluntary

Front 125

fastest type of muscle w/ respect to contaction

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skeletal muscle

Front 126

cells of this type of muscle are cylindrical in shape

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skeletal, cardiac

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this type of muscle has light and dark alternating bands, perpendicular to the length of the cell (fiber)

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skeletal, cardiac

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muscle that has a striated appearance

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skeletal

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small, longitudanal, parallel, contractile fibers that are composed of the proteins, actin and myosin

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myofibrils

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fibers of this type of muscle are unbranched and multinucleated

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skeletal

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type of muscle found in the walls of the heart

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cardiac

Front 132

type of muscle that is unique in that it has branched fibers

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cardiac muscle

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branched fibers of cardiac muscle are joined by ___ which help speed the relaying of the stimulus from cell to cell

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intercalated discs

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the fibers of this muscular tissue can contain up to two , centrally located nuceli

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cardiac

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muscle tissue that does not exhibit any cross striations

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smooth

Front 136

cells of this type of muscle are spindle shaped (have tapered ends)

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smooth muscle

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muscle type that is found primarily in the walla of the alimentary, genital and urinary tracts as well as the walls of arteries and veins

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smooth muscle

Front 138

contractions of this tissue are slower than skeletal or cardiac, but can stay contracted longer

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smooth muscle

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single, elongated nucleus is located on each fiber of this type of tissue

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smooth muscle

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the fibers that make up this type of muscle are arranged so that the ends lie next to each other and form sheets

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smooth muscle

Front 141

major cell of nervous tissue

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neuron

Front 142

basic functional unit of the nervous system and are specialized for conducting electrochemical, nerve impulses

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neuron

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neuron consists of of 3 major parts:

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dendrites, axons, and cell body (soma)

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part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and most of the cell's organelles

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cell body (soma)

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two types of cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body:

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dendrites and axons

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responsible for conducting the stimulus into the cell body

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dendrites

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conducts impulse away from the cell body

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axon

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make up nerve fibers

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axons and dendrites