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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Total quality management |
a system of management based on the principle that even staff member must be committed to maintaining high standards of work in every aspect of a company's operations. |
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Management Function by Henry Fayol |
1. planning 2. organizing 3. commanding 4. controlling |
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Planning |
the formulation of future courses of action. |
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International management |
Pursuing organizational objectives in international and cross-cutural settings. |
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International process |
1. licensing 2. exporting 3. local warehousing and selling 4. local assembly and packaging 5. joint ventures 6. direct foreign investments |
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small business |
an independently owned and managed profit seeking enterprise, with fewer than 60 employees. |
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Entrepreneurship |
one who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty, for the purpose of achieving a profit, and growth by identifying opportunities and assembling necessary resources to carry on them. |
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Effectiveness |
achieving a stated goal (end). |
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Efficiency |
using resources well to achieve objective (process). |
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Economics |
the branch of knowledge concerned with the production consumption, and transfer of wealth. |
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Internet |
system linking computers around the world. Internet has radically changed just about every aspect of conducting business worldwide. |
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DEMING PRIZE |
- silver medal with Dr. Deming's profile engraved -first instituted in 1951 - instituted in commemoration of friendship and contributions of Deming, who visited Japan to instruct in application of statistical quality control methods to industry. |
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Henry Fayol |
-Leading proponent of universal process 1. specialization of labor 2. chain of command 3. authority Book: Administration Industrielle et Generale (1916) (14 principles) |
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Six schools of management |
1. universal approach 2. operational approach 3. behavioral approach 4. systems approach 5. contingency approach 6. attribute of excellence |
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Universal approach |
it assumes that all org. require the same national management process. |
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The operational approach |
a production oriented field of management dedicated to improving efficiency and cutting waste. |
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Behavioral approach |
people observed to be the central focus of organized activity. The believe that the successful management depends largely on a manager's ability to understand and work with diverse people. |
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Systems approach |
combination of things or pets forming a complex or unitary whole; completely differ ins type of thinking; Chester Barnard was major proponent of systems thinking. |
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Contingency approach |
a research effort to determine which managerial practices and techniques are appropriate in specific situations. |
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Attribute of excellence |
1. bias of action 2. close to customer 3. autonomy of entrepreneurship 4. productivity through people 5. hands-on, value driven 6. stick to the knitting 7. simple form, lean staff 8. simultaneous loses-tight properties |
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ethics |
moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior. |
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Frederick W. Taylor's scientific management |
-father ref scientific management -worked at middle steel works and noticed lack of cooperation, inefficiency, waste, and poor-training. scientific manage... -developing performance standards on the basis of systematic observation and experimentation. |
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Universal approach to management |
1. although the purpose of org. may vary the core management process remains the same across all org. 2. process can be reduced to as et of separate function and related principles. |
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operational approach to management |
a production oriented field of management dedicated to improving efficiency and cutting waste. |
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Closed structure |
Self-sufficient entity that doesn't interact with it's environment. |
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Open structure |
depends on it's surrounding environment for survival; open systems interact with their environment. |
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Characteristics of contingency approach |
1. an open system perspective 2. a practical research orientation 3. multivariate approach multivariate analysis |
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open system perspective |
understand how org. systems combine to interact with environment. |
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a practical research orientation |
leads to more effective on-the-job-management |
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multivariate analysis |
used to determine how combo of variables interact to cause a outcome |
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organizational behavior |
the study of the way people interact with groups. *Hawthorne studies/Hawthorne effect |
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Operations management |
-the administration of business practices to create the highest level efficiency possible, within an org. - concerned with converting materials and labor > goods/service = efficiently as possible to ^ profit. |
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Dr. Edwards Demming |
- old (1928 from yale in math & math science - 1997-1950: advisor to supreme command of allied powers in tokyo, japan. - 1946: starts consulting practice - known for work in japan, taught top management for management of quality - father of japanese post-war indy... |
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Kaoru Ishikawa |
- chemist( graduated from uni of tokyo -1950's: japanese international standardization -chief executive director of quality control -developed audit price to determine whether companies qualify for deming prize. -created fishbone diagram: used in quality management process. -1993: ishikawa medal; american society of quality control |
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Conceptualization |
-the ability to invent or formulate and idea or concept. - phase of project occurs in initial design activity when the scope of the project is drafted and required features are created. |
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A social system/system |
a collection of parts that operate interdependently to achieve a common purpose. |
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Technology |
the technical skills and equipment that affect the way an economy's resources are connected to output. It's the result of applying scientific and engineering knowledge to practical problems. |
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Intrapreneur |
a manger within a company who promotes innovative product development an marketing. |
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Co-preneur |
refers to a couple who start a business together. |
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International management |
-pursuing organizational objectives in international and cross-cultural settings. -management that oversees the conduct of operations in or with org. in foreign countries whether through multinational corporation or multinational organizational. |
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Global corporation |
multinational venture centrally managed from a specific country. |
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Multinational corporation |
a business firm with operations in several countries. |
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Culture |
defined as an expression of society through material things and believes. |
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Subculture |
values and norms district from the societal majority. |
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Four distinct stages in the evolution of product quality |
- Fix-it-in approach to quality - Inspect-it-in approach to quality -The build-it-in... -The design-it-in... |
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sources of change for managers in the 21st century |
1. globalization 2. evolution of product quality 3. environmentalism 4. an ethical awakening 5. the internet and E-business Revolution |
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Douglas McGregor theories X & Y |
-Explain certain aspects of the nature of human beings -creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative - Theory Y, practical application of Maslows Humanistic School of Psycology |
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Management Theorists |
1. Fayol: how complex management process can be separated into interdependent areas. 2. Taylor: father of scientific management; individual programmed to machine. - followers: Frank & Lilian Gilbreth; responsible for turning into exact science. 3.Gantt: Refined production control &b cost techniques; 1st to introduce minimum wage & bonuses; created cant chart for scheduling tool. 4. Kaoru ishikawa 5. Deming 6. Elton Mayo: Wrote book "Human problems of an industrial civilization"(1933); found row human relations. 7.Mcgregor: 1960 developed ideas about motivation in org; management prof. as MIT; Book "Human side of enterprise" 8.Barnard: former president of NJ bell telephone company; three elements- a. willingness to serve b. a common purpose c. communication Book: 1938, The functions of the executive |
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Travelers |
people who visit foreign countries for work, pleasure, or short term basis. they have limited knowledge of the local history, culture, etc. |
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Settlers |
people who take foreign assignments lasting from 2 to 5 yrs. Must deal with pre-departure training, relocation, acclamation. |
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Demographics |
covers current statistical data an trends in population characteristics info from U.S. census. 1. gender 2. age 3. income levels 5. etc... |
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Elements in the external environment |
1. economics 2. demographics 3. socio cultural 4. political-legal 5. technological |
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Proactive |
eliminating problems before they have a chance to appear. |
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reactive |
responding to events after they have happened. |
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Business cycle |
economic fluctuations that have four stages. 1. prosperity 2. recession 4. depression 4. recovery |
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innovation process |
1. conception 2. implementation 3. marketing |
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managerial attitudes toward international operations |
1. ethnocentric 2. polycentric 3. geocentric |
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ethnocentric |
assumes home countries personnel and ways of doing things are best. |
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polycentric |
assume local managers in hist countries know best how to run their own operations. |
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geocentric |
world-oriented view that draws upon the best talent from around the globe. |
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Hawthorne studies |
-behavioral scientists conduct behavioral studies, focus don people thatcher than study tools. -began 1924: AT&T western electric plant -study taken over by mayo (1927-1932) Purpose: determine optimum level of illumination in a shop for maximum production efficiency. Mayo concludes: no simple reaction btw illumination level & production output. study resulted in: 1. personal interview 2.morale 3.group dynamics 4.counseling 5.retraining. |
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Cultural variables related to the international process |
-Theory of convergence -Theory of Divergence -Theory of Convergence |
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theory of convergence |
we'll become similar than differ because of global business, media, etc. |
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theory of divergence |
a world of expanding differences because of cultural tribulization & gap of rich and poor. |
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Theory of cross vergence |
nations will evolve their own domestic and foreign practices. |
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Other sources of cultural diversity |
must be knowledgeable about: 1. time 2. international 3. language 4.religion |
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Cross cultural training technique |
1. documentary films 2. cultural assimilate or language instruction 3. sensitivity training 4. field experience |
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High context cultures |
cultures in which nonverbal and situational messages convey primary meaning. |
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Low context cultures |
cultures in which words convey primary meaning. |
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Systems theory |
an interdisciplinary area of study based on the assumption that everything is apart of a larger interdependent arrangement. |
