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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The causes of collapse in a building beams and columns |
Beams/columns -Steel columns of beams may buckle or bend subject to high temperatures and if unprotected. Steel beam can expand and push out on outer walls -Cast iron may crack or shatter when heated then cooled suddenly -stone/concretes outer surface may fall of due to localised cooling and when hit with the jet |
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The causes of a collapse in a building Walls |
-Expansions of the inner face of a wall due to heat bowing the wall out of vertical. Cracks in the lower part of the wall indicate danger ; especially horizontal cracks -Walls can be made unstable by the collapse of floors leaving high walls unsupported -Collapse of beams or floors joist can leave walls off balance -Cracks or dropped arches over windows,doors, or other openings can lead to collapse |
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The causes of a collapse of a building Floors |
-Collapse of a building can leave high walls unsupported -The joists or beams built into a wall can have a levering effect should they fall -if the floor collapses the eight of the floor plus the rooms contents will drop at speed onto the floor below ; creates shock wave |
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The signs of a building collapse |
-falling pieces of mortar , stone etc from a wall -floors coming away from wall -The collapse of floors -columns or beams bending or falling -Cracks in walls and particularly horizontal cracks -bowing of walls or walls out of vertical -spalling of concrete -collapse of arches above openings -damage or collapse of the wall of a protected shaft |
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Operation considerations in relation to building collapse |
Wooden Floors Stairs/moving on stairs Sandwich Panels |
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The evacuation signal ? Who initiates this? |
Short repeated blast on the acme thunderer whistle. Sounded by incident commander unless it is not practical to ;any firefighter can |
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Evacuation procedure |
1) Repeat signal 2)withdraw from area as quickly and as safely as possible. Crews closest to the potential danger will withdraw first, whilst crews in least dangerous protect the exit routes 3) Leave any equipment 4)Report to the booking in point |
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Hazards and risks associated with Sandwich panels |
-rapid fire spread ; the PVC coating is flammable and allow fire to spread quickly -Large amount of toxic smoke; releases hydrogen , carbon monoxide , cyanide -Sandwich panels in fires may fail suddenly -The sandwich look stronger than they are; they can lose structural integrity and collapse without warning; not support human weight -steel sheet can fall away and cause possible hazard -difficult to extinguish- difficult to apply water to core material when steel sheet is covering |
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Hazard and risk involved in gang nailed roof trusses |
They can be severely weakened by fire : takes 7 minutes to chat 4mm Building can lead to immediate collapse |
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Hazard and risk involved in fire situations floors |
-Wood burns freely and be be bringing underneath floorboards, can go undetected;carpets covering Floor can weaken when walking -Smoke can also undetected in concealed spaces ;electrical wiring runs thru these places -collapsing floors joists may lever a wall off balance unless precautions are taken |
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The hazards and risk involved in fire situations timber stairs |
Problem with wooden stairs it burns well. Stairs may be burning from underneath and firefighter won’t be are of danger Danger of stairs showing sign of no failure until they collapse |
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Hazard and risks involved in fire situations;Steel stairs |
Retains it strength however in serious fire it can lie 2/3rds of its strength at 600 degrees and conducts heat freely |
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Hazards and risk involved in fire situations cast iron |
It will crack and fail when subject to localised cooling |
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Hazard and risk involved in fire situations; Stone stairs |
The rapid cooling can cause stone to spall and crack and then fail Some stone staircases on supported on one side and can fail without warning even when not cooled |
