Buck A&p Ch 5

Front 1

Similar cells with common function come together to form

Back 1

Tissues

Front 2

Histology

Back 2

Study of tissues

Front 3

Tissues classified into 4 catagories

Back 3

1. Epithelial

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nervous

Front 4

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Back 4

produced by cells, water, protein fibers, dissolved molecules found in all tissues but at varying degrees.

Front 5

Epithelial tissues

Back 5

1. covers body surfaces

2. lines the body cavities

3. forms most of the glands

Front 6

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

Back 6

cellularity, polarity, basement membrane, avascularity, extensive innervation, and high regeneration capacity

Front 7

Cellularity

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Back 7

epithelial tissue composed of tightly packed cells, minimal amount of ECM

Front 8

polarity

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Back 8

epithelial tissues exhibits polarity, cells have an apical surface (exposed surface to open space) and a basal surface (surface attached to underlying connective tissue) additionally the lateral surface of cells are attached via junctions

Front 9

Basement membrane

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Back 9

epithelium is bound to basement membrane at its basal surface, consists of 3 layers: lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina, forms a selective barrier between epithelial tissue and underlying connective tissue

Front 10

Avascularity

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Back 10

epithelial tissue lack blood vessals, nutrients to epithelial tissue are provided directly via apical surface or by diffusion across the basal surface from the connective tissue

Front 11

Extensive innervation

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Back 11

richly innervated, must have the ability to detect environmental changes

Front 12

High regeneration capacity

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Back 12

ability to regenerate achieved by the stem cells of epithelial tissue located adjancent to the basement membrane

Front 13

Function of epithelial tissue

Back 13

Physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensations

Front 14

Physical protection

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Back 14

protection of external and internal surfaces of dehydration, abrasion, and destruction by physical, chemical or biological agents

Front 15

Selective permeability

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Back 15

any substance that enters or leaves the body must pass through epithelium serve as "gatekeepers", epithelium permeable to some substances and could be impermeable to others

Front 16

Secretions

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Back 16

specialized epithelial cells have the ability to produce secretions and therefore can function as a unicellular gland or multicellular gland

Front 17

Sensation

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Back 17

epithelium is highly innervated and has the ability to detect changes and convey this information via nervous system (touch, pressure, temp, and pain)

Front 18

Can epithelial tissue be classified by number of cells layers or cell shapes

Back 18

yes

Front 19

Simple epithelium

Cell layers

Back 19

one cell layer thick all cells are attached to basement membrane, found in areas where there is minimal stress and where filtration, absorption or secretion is primary function (lining of air sacs of lung, intestines, blood vessels

Front 20

Stratified epithelium

Cell layers

Back 20

two or more layers of epithelial cells, only deep layer in direct contact with basement membrane, found in areas exposed to abrasion, mechanical stress, cells in basal layer continuously regenerate as apical surface cells are damaged (skin, internal lining of pharynx, esophagus)

Front 21

Pseudostratified epithelium

Cell layers

Back 21

looks stratified because cells nuclei are distributed at different levels, all cells are attached to basement membrane therefore can be classified into simple epithelium

Front 22

Squamous

cell shape

Back 22

flat, wide, irregular shape, nucleus flattened

Front 23

Cuboidal

Cell shape

Back 23

Cube-like round edges, nucleus spherical and located in center of cell

Front 24

Columnar

cell shape

Back 24

slender and taller than wider, oval nucleus and located in basal side of cell

Front 25

Transitional

cell shape

Back 25

have the ability to change shape depending on how stretched the epithelium is if relaxed will have polyhedrant appearance and distended flattened cells

Front 26

Simple squamous

Back 26

single layer of flattened cells , extremely delicate and highly specialized to allow rapid movement of molecules via diffusion, osmosis, filtration, found in air sacs of lungs, lining of lymph and blood vessels (endothelium), serous membrane of body cavities (mesothelium)

Front 27

Simple cuboidal

Back 27

single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide, absorb fluids and other materials across its apical surface to secret substances, found in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory regions of glands, surface of ovary, thyroid gland follicles

Front 28

Simple columnar

Back 28

single layer of cells taller than wide, ideal for secretory and absorptive functions

Front 29

Nonciliated simple columnar

Back 29

absorption and secretion, often contains microvilli and unicellular glands termed goblet cells (secrete mucin) (digestive tract stomach to anal canal)

Front 30

Ciliated simple columnar

Back 30

secretion of mucin and movement of mucus, goblet cells present, oocyte movement through uterine tube, found in larger bronchioles of respiratory tract and lining of uterine tubes

Front 31

Pseudostratified columnar

Back 31

appears as multiple layers but not truly stratified because all cells are in direct contact to basement membrane,

Front 32

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Back 32

have cilia on apical surface and can be found in larger air passageways of respiratory system, larynx, pharynx, trachea and bronchi

Front 33

Psedostratified nonciliated columnar

Back 33

no cilia and can be found in male urethra and epididymis

Front 34

Stratified squamous

Back 34

multiple cell layers only the deepest layer in contact with basement membrane, protection of underlying tissue

Front 35

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Back 35

superficial cells are alive and kept moist, lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus lining of vagina, and anus

Front 36

. Keratinzed stratified squamous

Back 36

apical cells are dead and filled with keratin, epidermis of skin

Front 37

Stratified cuboidal

Back 37

rare, two or more cell layers, cells of apical surface are columnar, protects and secretes, salivary glands, membranous part of male urethra

Front 38

Stratified columnar

Back 38

rare, two or more cell layers, cells of apical surface are columnar, protects and secretes, salivary glands, membranous part of male urethra

Front 39

Transitional

Back 39

different appearances depending on whether it is in a relaxed or distended state, important for distension and relaxation to accommodate urine volume, found in urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

Front 40

Glands

Back 40

unicellular or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue important for secreting substances for use elsewhere or for elimination, secretions include mucin, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, urea

Front 41

Exocrine glands

Back 41

originate form an invagination of epithelium that burrows into deeper connective tissue, connection with epithelium via duct a hollow tube into which gland secretes ( mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands

Front 42

Unicellular glands

Back 42

one cell and can be found in simple columnar and pseudostratified ciliated columnar goblet cells

Front 43

Multicellular glands

Back 43

numerous cells that work together to produce secretion

Front 44

Simple glands

Back 44

single unbranched duct

Front 45

Compound glands

Back 45

branched ducts

Front 46

Merocrine

Back 46

pack secretions into vesicles and secrete via exocytosis (lacrimal, salivary, sweat, pancreas and gastric glands

Front 47

Apocrine

Back 47

pinching off of apical portion of secretory cells and that becomes secretion (mammary glands, sweat glands (in axillary and pubic regions))

Front 48

Holocrine

Back 48

cells accumulate the product then the entire cells disintegrates and becomes secretion viscous mixture of cells products and product (sebaceous (oil) glands)

Front 49

Connective Tissue

Back 49

Most diverse, abundant, and widely distrib

Front 50

Functions of connective tissue

Back 50

o Support

o Protection

o Bind organs

storage

transport

immune protection

Front 51

Resident cells

Back 51

stationary cells permanently housed help support maintain and repair

Front 52

Fibroblasts

Back 52

most abundant, produce fibers and ground substance components of ECM

Front 53

Adipocytes

Back 53

fat cells collection of adipocytes= adipose tisse

Front 54

Mesenchymal cells

Back 54

embryonic stem cell upon damage these cells will divide and give rise to a mesenchymal cell and the differentiated damaged cell

Front 55

Fixed macrophages

Back 55

derived from monocytes, dispersed throughout and engulf damaged cells or pathogens upon encountering foreign material they secret chemicals that trigger the immune system

Front 56

Wandering cells

Back 56

components of immune system and are continuously moving throughout connective tissue (leukocytes)

Front 57

Mast cells

Back 57

small, mobile cells close to blood vessels, secret heparin (stop blood clotting) and histamine (dilate blood vessels)

Front 58

Plasma cells

Back 58

B lymphocytes, produce antibodies (proteins that immobilize a foreign material)

Front 59

Free macrophages

Back 59

mobile phagocytic that wander through the connective tissue (like fixed macrophages but are mobile)

Front 60

Other leukocytes

Back 60

migrate through the blood vessel to connective tissue (neutrophils, lymphocyte

Front 61

Protein fibers

Back 61

strengthen and support the tissue

o Viscous- thick in blood

o Semisolid- cartilage

o Solid- bone

Front 62

Collagen fibers

Back 62

unbranched, long fibers, strong, flexible, resistant to stretching, form 25% of body's protein appear white (white fibers) abundant in tendons and ligaments

Front 63

Reticular fbers

Back 63

thinner than collagen, same proteins as in collagen except that are coated with glycoproteins, branched, tough but flexible found in stroma of organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and liver

Front 64

Elastic fibers

Back 64

made of protein of elastin, fibers branch and rejoin, important for stretch and recoil found in skin, lungs, arteries

Front 65

Ground substance

Back 65

nonliving material produced by the connective tissue cells, connective tissue cells and fibers reside in ground substance made of glycosaminoglycans, water, preoteoglycan, adherent glycoproteins, ground substance and fibers collectively make the ECM

Front 66

Physical protection

Back 66

bones of skull and thoracic cage protect vital organs

Front 67

Support and structural framework

Back 67

bones serve as framework for our body, cartilage keeps air tubes like trachea open

Front 68

Binding of structures

Back 68

ligaments bind bone to bone, tendons bind muscle to bone, dense connective tissue anchors skim to muscle and bone

Front 69

Storage

Back 69

adipose connective tissue- major energy reserve, bone- reserve for calcium and phosphorus

Front 70

Transport

Back 70

blood carries nutrients, gases, and wastes

Front 71

Immune protection

Back 71

leukocytes are abundant within connective tissue they protect the body against disease

Front 72

Embryonic connective tissue

Back 72

2 type

mesenchyme

mucous connective tissue

Front 73

mesenchyme

Back 73

origin of all connective types found throughout the body of embryo and fetus

Front 74

mucous connective tissue

Back 74

support of structures in umbilical cord found in umbilical cord of fetus

Front 75

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 75

fewer fibers, more ground substance

Front 76

Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar

Back 76

abundant, viscous ground substance, scattered fibroblasts, many blood vessels, protects tissues and organs, binds some epithelial to deep tissue, found in papillary layer of dermis, subcutaneous layer (deep skin), surrounds organs, nerves, and blood vessels

Front 77

Loose Connective Tissue

Adipose

Back 77

closely packed adipocytes, nucleus pushed to edge of cell by large fat droplet, stores energy insulates, cushions, and protects found in subcutaneous layer and surrounds and covers most organs

Front 78

Loose Connective Tissue

Reticular

Back 78

viscous ground substance, scattered arrangement of reticular fibers, fibroblasts and leukocytes, provides stroma to lymphatic organs therefore it is found in spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow

Front 79

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 79

more fibers, less ground substance

Front 80

Dense Connective Tissue

Regular

Back 80

densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers, fibroblasts squeezed between layers of fibers, scarce ground substance, greatly reduced blood supply, attaches bone to bone (ligament), muscle to bone (tendon), resists stress applied in one direction

Front 81

Dense Connective Tissue

Irregular

Back 81

collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together, fibroblasts in spaces among fibers, more ground substance than in dense regular, extensive blood supply can withstand stresses applied in all directions found in most of dermis of skin, periosteum covering bone, covers cartilage

Front 82

Dense Connective Tissue

Elastic

Back 82

predominantly composed of elastic fibers and fibroblasts occupy some spaces between fibers, allows for stretching and recoil, found in walls of elastic arteries (aorta), trachea, vocal cords

Front 83

Supporting Connective Tissue

Cartilage

Back 83

semisolid matrix

Front 84

Supporting Connective Tissue

Hyaline

Back 84

glassy appearing matrix, sparsely arranged chondrocytes in lacunae, forms most of fetal skeleton provides support found in tip of nose, trachea, larynx, costal cartilage, articular ends of bones

Front 85

Supporting Connective Tissue

Fibrocartilage

Back 85

readily visible, numerous parallel collagen fibers, large chondrocytes in lacunae, resists compression and acts as a shock absorber in some joints, found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of knee joints

Front 86

Supporting Connective Tissue

Elastic

Back 86

abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh, chondrocytes in lacunae, functions to maintain shape while permitting extensive flexibility found in external ear and epiglottis of larynx

Front 87

Bone

Back 87

solid matrix (osseous

Front 88

compact bone

Back 88

calcified ECM containing osteocytes trapped in lacunae, arranged in osteons, provides levers for body movement, support soft structures, protects organs, stores calcium and phosphorus, found in bones

Front 89

Spongy bone

Back 89

different organization from compact bone, contains hemopoetic tissue and is the site of hemopoeisis found in bones

Front 90

fluid connective tissue

Blood

Back 90

composed of formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and plasma, important for transport of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immune defense, found in blood vessels and heart

Front 91

fluid connective tissue

lymph

Back 91

derived from blood plasma and is

Front 92

Muscle tissue

Back 92

Composed of specialized cells that contract when stimulated by nervous system and produces movement

Front 93

skeletal muscle

Back 93

long cylindrical, striated fibers (cells) arranged in parallel and unbranched fibers are multinucleated under voluntary contraction, function in moving the skeleton, attaches to bones and sometimes to skin

Front 94

Cardiac muscle

Back 94

short striated cells typically branching uninucleated or binucleated intercalated discs between cells under involuntary control, pumps blood through heart found in heart wall (myocardium)

Front 95

Smooth muscle

Back 95

nonstriated cells that are short, uninucleated, move and propelling of material through the internal organs found in walls of hollow organs such as intestines, stomach, airways, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus and blood vessels

Front 96

Nervous tissue

Back 96

located within brain, spinal cord, and nerves, composed of neurons that receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses, also contains glial cells (supporting cells)

Front 97

Neurons

Back 97

contain cell body, cell processes, dendrites and axons

Front 98

Tissues form organs which are composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions

examples

Back 98

stomach-epithelium, areolar, dense, smooth muscle and nervous tissues

Front 99

Body membranes

Back 99

composed of epithelial layer bound to connective tissue, designed to line body cavities

Front 100

All tissue develops from the 3 primary germ layers

Back 100

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Front 101

Endoderm

Back 101

epithelial linging of respiratory tract, GI tract liver gall bladder, pancreas, thyroid and parathyroid glands

Front 102

Medoderm

Back 102

muscle, dermis of skin, epithelial lining of blood vessels, connective tissues, heart

Front 103

ectoderm

Back 103

epidermis of skin, nervous tissues, pituitary gland, adrenal medulla

Front 104

Metaplasia

Back 104

epithelium changing into mature epithelium

Front 105

hypertrophy

Back 105

an increase in size of existing cells

Front 106

hyperplasia

Back 106

an increase in number of cells in a tissue

Front 107

necrosis

Back 107

tissue death

Front 108

hee;

Back 108

hello