A&p 2 Test 5

Front 1

At which portion is the filtration membrane most selective?

Back 1

Podocyte

Front 2

What structure concentrates urine?

Back 2

Descending limb of loop of Henle

Front 3

What drives filtration?

Back 3

Blood pressure/volume

Front 4

What drives tubular reabsorption?

Back 4

-Concentration differences
-Concentration of ions outside tube
-Osmotic pressures

Front 5

What are the characteristics of normal urine?

Back 5

-pH of about 6.0
-specific gravity: 1.003-1.030
-osmotic concentration: 855-1335 mOsm/l
-volume: 1200ml/day
-color: clear yellow (straw/amber)
-odor: varies
-NH3: amount varies
-Bacteria: sterile

Front 6

What are the constituents of normal urine?

Back 6

Urea, Na+, K+, PO4-3, SO4-2, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Ammonia (NH3)

Front 7

What are the physiological results of an increase in ADH?

Back 7

Saves H2O to prevent dehydration; H2O reabsorption (PCT)

Front 8

What are the physiological results of an increase in aldosterone?

Back 8

Increases excretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na+, which leads to reabsorption of H2O --> prevents dehydration (DCT)

Front 9

What are the physiological results of an increase in ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)?

Back 9

Promotes loss of Na+ and H2O, lowers blood volume and pressure

Front 10

How would damage to the renal medulla affect renal function?

Back 10

Renal columns and pyramids would be damaged; damaged collecting ducts = decreased amount of urine collected.

Front 11

What happens to tubular fluid at the loop of Henle?

Back 11

H2O and Na+Cl- are reabsorbed

Front 12

What are the characteristics of carrier-mediated transport?

Back 12

-Facilitated diffusion: ^Glucose & ^AA concentrations
-Active transport: requires ATP
-Cotransport: 2 substances, same direction; Na+ is usually one
-Countertransport: 2 substances, different directions; Na+ usually involved

Front 13

How would the flow of blood be affected by an obstruction in the glomerulus?

Back 13

Depends where:
End/Middle - Not much change in filtration
Beginning - Filtration stopped

Front 14

What is a pyelogram? What types of conditions would it reveal?

Back 14

X-Ray with dye to see ureters, kidneys and bladder; obstructions, anatomy, cancer

Front 15

What would make freshly voided urine dark?

Back 15

-Dehydration
- ^ Amounts of hemoglobinuria
-Urochromes

Front 16

What type(s) of epithelia lines the ureters and urinary bladder?

Back 16

Transitional

Front 17

Describe the micturation reflex.

Back 17

250 ml --> 1st wave of contraction (can hold it)
450 ml --> 2nd wave of contraction (can't ignore)
max = 1 liter

Front 18

What are detrusor muscles?

Back 18

-Middle layer of bladder, btw connective tissue & transitional
-Involuntary

Front 19

What changes occur with aging in the urinary system?

Back 19

- Bladder shrinks
-Loss of bladder tone
-BP changes can cause kidney damage
-Increased frequency of micturation
-Decreased kidney function
-Leads to incontinence

Front 20

How would sympathetic stimulation affect the kidney?

Back 20

Brain takes over, filtration inhibited, increased adrenaline, clamps afferent

Front 21

What are the components of the ECF compartments?

Back 21

-Interstitial fluid & plasma
-Found btw cells & in the blood vessels
-Saliva, sweat, tears, CSF, etc.

Front 22

What makes up the ICF compartment?

Back 22

-Makes up 2/3 of body water
-Compartments = Cells
-K+, Pr-, PO4, SO4

Front 23

What are the principal cations and anions of the ECF and ICF?

Back 23

ECF --> Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, H+
ICF --> K+, Mg+2, PO4-3, SO4-2, H+, Pr-

Front 24

What happens when water is lost and electrolytes are retained?

Back 24

Increased concentration --> dehydration

Front 25

What happens when large amounts of pure water are consumed?

Back 25

Urine is diluted, decreased concentration, fluid shift from ECF --> ICF

Front 26

What happens if you consume a high salt meal?

Back 26

Increased thirst, BP, blood volume; Fluid shift from ICF --> ECF

Front 27

What happens when the amount of sodium ion in ECF increases?

Back 27

Fluid shift fom ICF --> ECF

Front 28

What is the role of calcitonin?

Back 28

Lowers blood calcium levels

Front 29

What is the role of calcitriol?

Back 29

Increases osteoclasts to make more calcium

Front 30

What is the role of PTH?

Back 30

Stimulates the release of calcium (increased calcium in blood)

Front 31

How is excessive potassium eliminated?

Back 31

Urine; stored as well

Front 32

How is potassium regulated?

Back 32

Aldosterone

Front 33

What is the role of chloride ions in body fluids (ECF & ICF)

Back 33

Major anion of ECF; stores Na+

Front 34

What does calcium homeostasis primarily reflect?

Back 34

Ca+2 digested, lost in urinary, stored in skeletal system

Front 35

What is the most important factor affecting tissue pH?

Back 35

Breathing --> levels of CO2

Front 36

What are the causes of respiratory acidosis?

Back 36

Inability to expel CO2

Front 37

What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis?

Back 37

Not enough CO2 present

Front 38

Which acid-base imbalance can result from renal problems?

Back 38

Metabolic acidosis

Front 39

Which acid-base imbalance results from hyperventilation?

Back 39

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 40

Which acid-base imbalance results from hypoventilation?

Back 40

Respiratory acidosis --> Emphysema

Front 41

What are some of the physiological consequences of acidosis?

Back 41

Increased breathing, increased urine production/output

Front 42

What are some of the physiological consequences of alkalosis?

Back 42

Decreased breathing, decreased urine production/output

Front 43

How are changes in body pH compensated?

Back 43

-Renal glands secrete H+ (when blood is acidic)
-Cl- ions are reabsorbed (when blood level is alkaline)
-Breathing

Front 44

What are the consequences of prolonged vomiting?

Back 44

Dehydration, metabolic alkalosis

Front 45

What are the consequences of prolonged diarrhea

Back 45

-Starvation
-Body uses lipids and Pr-
-Ketoacid formation
-Metabolic acidosis

Front 46

What are the consequences of prolonged emphysema?

Back 46

Respiratory acidosis

Front 47

What are the consequences of prolonged diabetes?

Back 47

Ketoacidosis

Front 48

What are the consequences of prolonged long-term antacid use?

Back 48

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 49

Describe the effects of dehydration on fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance.

Back 49

Decreased fluid, increased concentration of electrolytes, decreased pH (more electrolytes = more H+ ions)

Front 50

Name some urinary functions.

Back 50

1. Regulate blood volume & pressure
2. Regulate plasma concentration of ions
3.Stabilize pH
4. Conserve nutrients
5. Detoxification

Front 51

What is the renal corpuscle made up of?

Back 51

Bowman's capsule and the Glomerulus.

Front 52

Name some ions that are reabsorbed in nephrons.

Back 52

Na+, Mg+2, Cl-

Front 53

Name some ions that are secreted in nephrons.

Back 53

K+, H+, SO4-2