Bsc2085 - Chapter 2 Part 2

Front 1

What are the four organic compounds important to the body?

Back 1

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Nucleic Acids

4. Proteins

Front 2

Give two reasons why carbon is so important to biochemistry in the body

Back 2

1. Carbon is electro-neutral, meaning it shares electrons instead of losing or gaining them

2. Because carbon is electro-neutral it shares 4 covalent bonds with other elements or carbon molecules to from long chain molecules or ring like structures (called carbon skeleton)

Front 3

Sugar and starches are ____________

Back 3

Carbohydrates

Front 4

Name 3 classes of carbohydrates and 2 functions of carbohydrates

Back 4

3 Classes:

1. Monosaccharides (only have one carb molecule)

2. Disaccarides (have two molecules)

3.Polysacchardies (have many molecules)

2 Functions:

1. Carbs are a major source of cellular fuel

2. Carbs are structural molecules (e.g. ribose sugars in RNA and deoxyribose sugars in DNA)

Front 5

What is the generic formula formula of carbohydrates?

Back 5

Carbs contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, so:

(CH2O)n is the structural formula

Front 6

Name 5 monosaccharides that are important to the body

Back 6

* Ribose

Front 7

Label the chemical structure of each of the 5 monosaccharides

Back 7

Front 8

What sugars (monosaccharides) make up the 3 disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose?

Back 8

Front 9

Which is the glucose storage molecule of plants? Of animals? Are polysaccharides very soluble?

Back 9

Starch (made by plants) and glycogen (made by animals) are polymers that store glucose (only).

Polysaccharides are not very soluble.

Front 10

What elements are included in lipids? Are lipids water-soluble?

Back 10

ipids contain C, H, O. However, they contain much lower numbers of oxygen (as compared to carbs). and sometimes have phosphorous.

Lipids are insoluble in water.

Front 11

What are the four major types of lipids found in the body?

Back 11

1. Neutral Fats or Triglycerides,

2. phospholipids,

3. steroids, and

4. eicosanoids

Front 12

What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?

Back 12

Triglycerides are neutral fats - solid fats and liquid oils.

They are composed of three fatty acids that are three long hydrocarbon chains (CHn) witlh a carboxy acid (COOH-) end. Which is bonded to glycerol, a three carbon sugar alcohol.

Front 13

What are three functions of triglycerides?

Back 13

Large amounts of energy are stored in the many bonds of long hydrocarbon chains

Form fatty layers that provides insulation & protection from trauma

Aids in fat soluble vitamin absorption.

Front 14

Phospholipids are ________ and this property allows them to be used as building blocks for cellular membranes.

Back 14

Phospholipids are __modified triglycerides__ and this property allows them to be used as building blocks for cellular membranes. (the head is “polar” aka water loving, the tail is “nonpolar” aka hydrophobic)

Front 15

Name 4 types of steroids that are important in the body

Back 15

1. Bile Salts (synthesized from cholesterol)

Front 16

Which steroid is the basis for all steroids formed in the body?

Back 16

Cholesterol

Front 17

Label the basic chemical structure of cholesterol

Back 17

Front 18

Prostaglandin is an _____________

Back 18

Prostaglandin is an ____eicosanoid___

Front 19

Name 4 roles prostaglandins play in body functions

Back 19

1. Inducing labor contractions

Front 20

Which proteins transport fats in blood?

Back 20

Lipoproteins

Front 21

How many different amino acids are there?

Back 21

20

Front 22

Protein polymers are created by forming _________ bonds between the _______ and _______ ends of two adjacent amino acids.

Back 22

Protein polymers are created by forming ___peptide____ bonds between the ___carboxyl (COOH-)__ and __amino (NH2+)__ ends of two adjacent amino acids.

Front 23

What are the four levels of structure for a protein?

Back 23

Primary - The sequence of amino acids form the polypeptide chain

Secondary - The primary chain forms alpha helices (spirals) and beta-pleated sheets - held together by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary - Superimposed on secondary structure alpha helices and/or beta sheets folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intra-molecular bonds

Quarternary - two or more polypeptide chains each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein.

Front 24

Name 2 major types of proteins?

Back 24

Fibrous proteins - strand like, water insoluble and stable (e.g keratin, elastin, collegen)

2. Globular proteins - compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environment changes (e.g. antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones)

Front 25

Fibrous proteins are also known as ______ proteins

Back 25

STRUCTURAL

Front 26

Which protein is the single most abundant protein? and what type is it?

Back 26

Collagen a fibrous protein

Front 27

Name four important types of globular proteins

Back 27

1. Enzymes

Front 28

What is the most important role of molecular chaperones?

Back 28

Ensure quick and accurate folding and association of proteins.

Front 29

_______ are biological catalysts that ________ the activation energy to _______ the speed of a reaction.

Back 29

__Enzymes__ are biological catalysts that ____lower___ the activation energy to ___increase___ the speed of a reaction.

Front 30

A holoenzyme consists of two parts: an __________ and a ________.

Back 30

A holoenzyme consists of two parts: an __apoenzyme (protein)_____ and a __cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (a B complex vitamin)____.

Front 31

What is the largest molecule in the body?

Back 31

DNA!

Front 32

What is DNA's building block? What 3 components is it composed of?

Back 32

DNA is made up of the nucleotide “building block”, which is composed of the following three components:

1. Phosphate Group

Front 33

What are the 4 bases of DNA? What are the 2 base pairs of DNA?

Back 33

4 bases of DNA are: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

The 2 pairs they make are: A-T and G-C, held together by hydrogen bonds

Front 34

DNA replicates ________cell division, ensuring ________

Back 34

DNA replicates ___before____cell division, ensuring _____genetic continuity__

Front 35

What are the 4 bases of RNA? What are the 2 RNA base pairs

Back 35

4 bases of RNA are: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

The 2 pairs they make are: A-U and G-C,

Front 36

How does the structure of ATP compare to that of the adenine nucleotide of RNA?

Back 36

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate, contains RNA nucleotide w/ two additional phosphate groups.

Front 37

What is the main function of ATP?

Back 37

ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells.

Front 38

What are the three types of work performed by ATP?

Back 38

Transport Work - ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, activating them to transport solutes (e.g. ions) across cell membranes

Mechanical work - ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so the cells can shorten

Chemical work - ATP phosphorylates key reactants, providing energy to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions.

Front 39

Label the dehydration of sucrose and its breakdown by hydrolysis:

Back 39

Front 40

Label the triglyceride:

Back 40

Front 41

Label the phospholipid:

Back 41

Front 42

Label the structure of amino acids:

Back 42

Front 43

Label the dehydration and hydrolysis of amino acids:

Back 43

Front 44

Label the process of Enzymes:

Back 44

Front 45

Identify the Primary and Secondary Structure of Proteins

Back 45

Front 46

Identify the Tertiary Structure of a Protein

Back 46

Front 47

Identify the Quarternary Structure of a Protein

Back 47

Front 48

Identify the nucleotides structure in DNA

Back 48

Front 49

Identify the structures of the DNA double helix:

Back 49

Front 50

Identify the structure of ATP:

Back 50

Front 51

What are the three types of work ATP performs?

Back 51