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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Appositional growth |
formation of new bone on the surface of older bone or cartilage. |
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Calcification
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deposition of calcium salts into cartilage converting it into bone.
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Calcitonin
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hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that inhibits osteoclast activity when blood Ca2+ levels are too high.
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Canaliculi
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connect osteocytes to one another.
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Cartilage
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tissue that provides firm yet flexible support within certain structures.
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central canal
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central tunnel of an osteon containing blood vessels.
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Chondroblasts
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cartilage-forming cells.
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Chondrocyte
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cartilage maintaining cells.
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compact bone
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dense bone with few spaces.
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Diaphysis
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Shaft of a long bone.
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endochondral ossification
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The conversion of cartilage into bone.
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Endosteum
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a single layer of cells that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones
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epiphyseal plate
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site of appositional growth in bone
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epiphysis
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the end of a long bone
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flat bone
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an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
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intramembranous ossification
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formation of bone within tissue membranes
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irregular bone
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bones with shapes that do not fit readily into other categories.
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Lacunae
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spaces occupied by osteocyte cell bodies.
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lamellar bone
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mature bone that is organized into thin sheets or layers.
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long bone
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a bone that is longer than it is wide.
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medullary cavity
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large internal space in the diaphysis of a long bone that is filled with marrow.
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Metaphysis
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the wide portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the narrow diaphysis.
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Ossification
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formation of bone.
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Osteoblasts
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bone-forming cell.
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osteochondral progenitor cell
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stem cells that become chondroblasts or osteoblasts.
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Osteoclasts
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bone-destroying cells.
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Osteocytes
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mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix.
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Osteon
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fundamental functional unit of compact bone. Concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.
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parathyroid hormone
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hormone that regulates blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclast activity when blood Ca2+ levels are too low.
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perforating canals
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carry blood vessels from the periosteum or endosteum to central canals.
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Perichondrium
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a double layered connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage.
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Periosteum
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a connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone.
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Red marrow
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site of blood cell formation found in the medullary cavity.
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Short bone
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round or nearly cube-shaped bones.
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Spongy bone
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bone that consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae.
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Suture
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seams between the bones of the skull.
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Yellow marrow
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adipose tissue found within the medullary cavity.
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Amphiarthrosis
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slightly movable joints.
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articular cartilage
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hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves.
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Bursa
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a sac of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid that provides a cushion between structures that would otherwise rub against each other.
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Diarthrosis
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freely movable joints.
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Fibrous joint
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consist of two bones that are united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement.
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Gomphosis
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specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue.
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Ligament
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strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to bones and hold them together.
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Meniscus
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a fibrocartilage pad found in joints such as the knee and wrist.
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Sweat glands
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glands in the dermis of the skin that help regulate body temperature.
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Symphysis
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fibrocartilage uniting two bones.
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Synarthrosis
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nonmovable joints.
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Synchondrosis
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two bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs.
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Syndesmosis
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a fibrous joint in which the bones are farther apart than in a suture and are joined by ligaments.
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Synovial joint
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joint that contains fluid and allows considerable movement between articulating bones.
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Synovial membrane
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inner lining for the joint capsule in a synovial joint.
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Tendon
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strong bands of connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones.
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A band
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Contains the entire length of a single thick filament of a sarcomere.
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Acetylcholine
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a neurotrasmitter used in the motor division of the somatic nervous system.
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Actin Filaments
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the thin filaments of a sarcomere.
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Action potential
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a reversal of the resting membrane potential such that the inside of the plasma membrane becomes positively charged compared with the outside.
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Cardiac muscle
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Striated Muscle, Involuntary
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Complete tetany
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continuous muscle contraction caused by inability of muscle fibers to relax before the next action potential arrives.
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Contraction
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forceful shortening of a muscle fiber.
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Creatine phosphate
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accumulates in muscle fibers, where it stores energy that can be used to synthesize ATP.
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Crossbridge
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the globular head of a myosin molecule that projects from a myosin filament that attaches to an adjacent actin filament.
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Endomysium
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layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber.
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Epimysium
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layer of connective tissue that ensheaths an entire muscle.
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F-Actin
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chains of sperical actin molecules that make up myofilaments.
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Fasciculi
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numerous visible bundles of muscle fibers that make up a muscle.
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Fast fibers
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muscle fibers that produce fast, powerful contractions but fatigue very quickly due to low numbers of mitochondria.
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G-Actin
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Spherical Actin molecules that have active sites that bind to myosin.
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H band or zone
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zone of thick filaments that is not superimposed by the thin filaments of a sarcomere.
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I band
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zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments.
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Incomplete tetany
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muscle fibers partially relax between contractions
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Intermediate fibers
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fast-oxidative-gycolytic fibers with more mitochondria and a greater blood supply than typical fast twitch fibers.
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Joint
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a place where two or more bones come together.
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Joint capsule
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surrounds a joint cavity.
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Joint cavity
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encloses the articular surfaces of bones that meet at a synovial joint.
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Lag phase
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the time between the application of the stimulus to the motor neuron and the beginning of contraction
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M line
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the line in the middle of of the sarcomere.
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Motor end plate
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the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle cell
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Motor neuron
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specialized nerve cells that stimulate a muscle to contract.
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Motor unit
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a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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Muscle fatigue
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the decreased capacity to do work and the reduced efficiency of performatnce that normally follows a period of activity.
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Myoblasts
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multinucleated cells that develop into muscle fibers.
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Myofibrils
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bundles of protein filaments that make up a single muscle fiber.
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Myofilaments
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protein filaments that make up a myofibril.
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Myogram
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a graphical recording of muscle activity
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Myosin myofilament
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thin myofilaments made up of many golf-club shaped molecules.
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Myosin heads
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the globular end of a myosin myofilament.
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Neuromuscular junction
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the synapse between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates.
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Oxygen deficit
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the insufficient oxygen consumption relative to increased activity at the onset of exercise.
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Perimyseum
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heavy connective tissue layer that surrounds each fasciculus.
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Recruitment
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increasing the number of muscle fibers that are contracting.
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Relaxation Period
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time during which relaxation occurs
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Sarcolemma
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the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
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Sarcomere
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highly ordered units of actin and myosin myofilaments.
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Sarcoplasm
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the cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell.
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Skeletal muscle
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Striated, voluntary muscle
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Sliding Filament Model
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the shortening of sarcomeres that is responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscles.
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Slow-Twitch fibers
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muscle fibers that contract slowly, have well-developed blood supply, have many mitochondria, and are resistant to fatigue.
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Smooth muscle
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Nonstriated, involuntary.
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Synaptic cleft
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the space separating the axon ending and the cell with which it synapses.
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Presynaptic terminal
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specialized ends of cells that produce and release neurotransmitters.
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Transverse tubules
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Tubelike invaginations of the sarcolemma that extned inward, connecting he extracellular environment with the interior of the muscle fiber.
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Tropomyosin
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an elongated protein that winds along the groove of the F-Actin double helix. Covers and uncovers active sites of G-Actin molecules.
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Troponin
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a molecule with binding sites for actin, tropomyosin, and calcium that is involved in muscle contraction.
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Twitch
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a single, brief contraction and relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber.
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Wave summation
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an increase in the frequency with which a muscle is stimulated increases the strength of contraction.
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Z disk or line |
a filamentous network of protein forming a disklike structure for the attachment of actin myofilaments. |
