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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of info
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memory
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deals w/ info about space, time, frequency, and other fundamental factors of existence; takes very little or no effort
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automatic processing
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immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. This is a very brief thought, something that your mind is planning to remember.
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sensory memory
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conscious memory, which can hold about seven items for a short time; also called working memory. Remember the 7 + or 2 rule. You can remember between 5-9 items well. Generally lasts minutes.
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short term memory
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is the relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass.
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long term memory
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Anything else takes some conscious effort or practice to remember
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effortful processing
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By distributing the study time, information can be retained longer and with more accuracy than by cramming
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spacing effect
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the finding that people often remember the first and last items in a list better than they do middle items.
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serial position effect
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At certain synapses the neural transmissions are more efficient
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long term potentiation
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memory of skills, preferences, and dispositions; nondeclarative
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implicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that are consciously known
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explicit memory
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area in brain for explicit memories
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hippocampus
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area in brain for implicit memories
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cerebellum
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the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness.
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recall
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a measure of memory in which one need only identify previously learned information.
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recognition
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measures the amount of time saved when previously learned information is learned for a second time.
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relearning
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mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people
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concepts
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methodical and logical rules for solving problems; they are often laborious and inefficient.
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algorithms
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based on rules of thumb
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heuristics
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an obstacle to problem solving in which people search for information that confirms their preconceptions
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confirmation bias
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an inability to approach a familiar problem in a new way
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fixation
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whereby a person is unable to perceive unusual functions for familiar objects.
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes
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representativeness heuristic
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we base our judgments on how readily information comes to mind. For example: the more often you see something, the more likely you think it will occur.
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availability heuristic
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how people state information. Referring to something from its positive side as opposed to its negative side can have a significant impact on interpretation
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framing
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We more easily see the illogic of conclusions that run counter to our beliefs than of those that agree with our beliefs. The tendency to let beliefs interfere with logic
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belief bias
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our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
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belief perseverance
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study of the social influences that can impact how a person acts in different situations
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social psychology
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when our thoughts and behaviors dont coincide, we experience tension. To relieve this tension, we bring our attitudes into line with our actions.
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cognitive dissonance
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conformation in order to obtain approval
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normative social influence
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conformation in order to gain information
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informational social influence
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people perform better on simple tasks when people around them are doing the same thing, but poorly on more complex tasks in the same situation
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social facilitation
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People feel more anonymous as part of the group and lack the individual accountability that is usual present, thus inhibiting performance
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social loafing
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when individuals feel aroused, anonymous, and less self-conscious. Could be represented in the behavior of a mob.
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deindividualization
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the tendency for thoughts, ideas, and attitudes to become prevalent when around similar members of a group.
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group polarization
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unrealistic group decision making; desire for unanimity outweighs the risks
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groupthink
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Their expectations may cause them to act in ways that trigger the expected results
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self-fulfilling prophecies
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a stoic minority has the potential to change the mindset of the majority, even though outnumbered.
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minority influence
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