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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the genera comprising the Flaviviridae? |
Flavivirus |
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Which group of viruses are transmitted by arthropods? |
Arbovirus
ARthropod BOurne virus |
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What are some diseases caused by Flavivirus?
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West Nile Virus |
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What are some viruses in the group Pestivirus? Which is technically not an arbovirus?
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BVDV (not an arbovirus technically since it isn't arthropod borne) |
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What is a common sequel to West Nile Virus infection of birds? Of horses?
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Birds - high mortality |
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What is the vector for West Nile Virus?
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Mosquitoes
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What are the key points in West Nile Virus pathogenesis? |
TLR-3 dependent inflammatory response |
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What are some differential dx for West Nile Virus in a horse?
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Rabies |
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How can West Nile Virus be diagnosed? What tissues are necessary?
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PCR (swab, brain, feather)
IgM capture ELISA |
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What is the tissue tropism for most Pestiviruses? (BVDV) |
Lymphoid tissue |
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What are the two genotypes of BVDV? What are the two biotypes of BVDV? |
Genotypes = BVDV-1 and BVDV-2
Biotypes = cytopathic and non-cytopathic |
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Under what conditions does BVDV cause mucosal disease? |
When non-CPE strain mutates to a CPE strain.
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What biotype will you find in normal-looking, chronically-infected BVDV animals?
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non-CPE BVDV
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What happens when a cow in early pregnancy contracts BVDV? |
Abortion.
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What happens when a pregnant cow (80-125d gestation) contracts BVDV? |
Fetal lesion; retarded growth |
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What happens when a pregnant cow (>125d gestation) contracts BVDV?
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Fetuses survive and develop neutralizing antibodies
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What sample and what tests do you run to diagnose BVDV?
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Ear notch sample
IHC, antigen capture ELISA, RT-PCR |
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What is the most serious disease of swine? What virus causes this? What viral family does this virus belong to? |
Hog cholera (classic swine fever)
CSFV, a pestivirus from Flaviviridae |
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How is the CSFV transmitted? Which route is most common? |
Orally (most common) |
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What are the two major genera of Togaviridae?
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Alphavirus |
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What diseases does BVDV cause?
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Mucosal disease |
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What is Hog Cholera? What family does the HCV belong to?
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Hog Cholera is #1 dz of swine! |
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Is HCV arbovirus? |
Nope. No arthropod vector. |
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What is the nature of HCV infection |
Hemorrhagic disease; high mortalitity. |
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Can you explain the pathogenesis of HCV infection? |
Replicates in tonsils |
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What kinds of disease does Arboviridae cause? |
Febrile disease
Encephalitis |
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T or F: |
True! They are arthropod borne
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What is the tissue tropism for Alphaviruses?
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CNS |
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What is the vector for the EEEV?
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Mosquito
EEEV = Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in case your dumb ass forgot |
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T or F:
Birds are dead-end hosts for Alphaviruses. |
False! They are definitive hosts; horses and humans are dead-end hosts!
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Which viral family has dsDNA as their genome |
E. Adenovirus
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What genome does FMDV have?
a. –ssRNA b. dsRNA c. ssDNA d. +ssRNA |
d. +ssRNA
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What family does BVDV belong to?
a. adenoviridae b. Papovaviridae c. Flaviviridae d. Parvoviridae |
c. Flaviviridae
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What causes Mucosal Dz during BVDV infection? |
d. Mutation of non-CPE biotype to CPE biotype
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What family does Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) belong to?
a. Picornaviridae b. Flaviviridae c. Togaviridae d. Arteriviridae |
c. Togaviridae |
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What are the two main diseases caused by Arteriviridae?
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PRRSV (Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus) |
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Which groups are considered "Nidovirales"?
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Arteriviridae |
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What is the tissue tropism for PRRSV? What other virus has a similar tropism?
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Alveolar Macrophages (CSFV infects macs too) |
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Besides PRRSV, what other viruses cause respiratory disease in pigs? |
Parvovirus |
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Which viruses cause abortions in pigs?
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PRRSV |
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"Blue Ear" is associated with which virus?
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PRRSV |
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What is the reproductive badness caused by PRRSV?
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Abortions
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What is the tissue tropism for the Equine Abortion Virus?
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Lymphoid tissue
vascular system |
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What are signs of equine viral arteritis?
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respiratory tract infection Pink eye abortion |
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Which viruses cause equine abortion?
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EAV (equine abortion virus) Equine viral arteritis |
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What are the cells that both PRRSV and EVA infect?
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Macrophages
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What are the common clinical feature in both PRRSV and EVA?
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Immunosuppression |
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T or F: |
True
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What is the genome of the Coronaviruses?
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+ ssRNA |
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What are the structural proteins of Coronavirus? Which is the major antigen?
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S (spike) protein - major antigen |
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What is remarkable about the genome of Coronaviruses?
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Infectious genome.
Nested RNA |
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What are common diseases caused by Coronavirus infection?
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Diarrhears |
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What are some examples of Coronavirus?
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Bovine CV |
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What causes winter dysentery? What animals are affected?
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Bovine Coronavirus Enteritis; |
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What happens to piglets (<7d) infected with Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus? |
Acute Encephalomyelitis; up to 100% mortality |
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What happens to piglets <4wks but >7d old when infected with Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus?
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Vomiting and Wasting Disease; high mortality; survivors become runts
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When is TGE infection common? What animal is affected?
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TGE = Transmissible Gastro Enteritis;
Common in winter; affects pigs |
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T or F:
Coronavirus infection in piglets has a high morbidity but low mortality; survivors end up as runts. |
False!
Very high mortality for piglets! |
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What virus mutates to become FIP?
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Feline Enteric Coronavirus
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What is the difference between the 2 serotypes of FeCV? Which can lead to FIP?
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Type 1 - common
Type 2 - recombinant w/canine coronavirus Both can cause FIP |
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What coronavirus is endemic in catteries?
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FeCV
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What is the tissue tropism for FeCV?
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Epithelial cells
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T or F:
There is little cross-reactivity between strains of FeCV. Thus, persistently infected FeCV cats are not protected from further FeCV infection. |
False!
Infected cats protected from infection with FeCV. |
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What is the tissue tropism for the FIP virus?
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Macrophage
Monocyte |
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What are common signs of FIP?
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Antibiotic-unresponsive fever
Progressive anorexia Weight loss Stunted growth Ascites (wet form) |
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What are some blood abnormalities seen with FIP? |
T-leukopenia
Hyperproteinemia Hyperglobulinemia Anemia Bilirubinemia |
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What immune complex is seen with FIP?
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Virus-IgG-C3
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Where are lesions seen in the dry form of FIP?
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Abdomen
Thorax CNS (uveal tract in eye) Surface granulomas |
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What viral infections can lead to cloudy eye in cats?
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Herpesvirus
Adenovirus Coronavirus |
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What is the common feature between Arteriviruse and Coronarviruses?
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Both are nidoviruses (nested, +ssRNA)
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What is the cause of the Blue ear and tiny black lesions on pig skin following PRRS infection?
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Multifocal ischemia (I think...not sure)
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What type cell are persistently infected following exposure of the Equine Viral Arteritis?
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Prostate and Seminal Vesicles |
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What ss + sense RNA virus family contains the two major genera Alpha and Rubiviruses?
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Togaviridae
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T or F:
Alphaviruses are arboviruses. |
True!
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What are major disease types caused by Alphaviruses?
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Encephalitis and febrile disease
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Which one of the following viruses replicates in the cytoplasm?
Infectious canine hepatitis virus Bovine herpes type 1 virus Bovine papillomatosis virus Bovine viral diarrhea virus Swine Infleuenza virus |
BVDV
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Which one of the following viruses replicates in the nucleus?
Bluetongue Bovine viral diarrhea virus Rabies Equine Influenza Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 |
Equine Influenza |
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Which one of the following viral gnomes is infectious?
Rift Valley fever Canine distemper Equine viral arteritis FMDV FIV |
FMDV
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Which one of the following viruses belongs to Nidovirale ?
FeLV Infectious Bursal Disease virus Vesicular stomatitis virus Equine Herpes virus type 4 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus |
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
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Which one of the following viruses causes latent infection following primary
infection? FMDV Bovine enteric coronarvirus Bovine herpes virus Bovine Rotavirus Bovine respiratory syncytial virus |
Bovine herpes virus
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Which one of the following viruses will have its genome integrated into host genome after infection? |
b. Equine infectious anemia virus
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Which one of the following viruses has the most antigenic variation due to host immune pressure?
a. Avian sarcoma virus b. Avian Influenza c. New Castle disease d. Fowl pox virus e. Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus |
b. Avian Influenza
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Which one of the following viruses can cause persistent infection? |
BVDV
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Which one of the following viruses is considered as an arbovirus? |
West Nile virus
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Which one of the following viruses is an oncogenic retrovirus? |
b. Feline leukemia Virus (FeLV)
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Which one of the following viruses is a DNA tumor virus? |
b. Bovine papillomavirus
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Which one of the following genes is an oncogene, if acquired by a retroviral genome? |
Epidermal growth factor gene (EGF) |
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Which one of the following diagnostic tests is a viral antigen test? |
a. Immunofluorence assay of frozen section
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Which one of the following virus strains is considered an exotic Newcastle disease |
Velogenic (viscerotropic) strain
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Which of the following virus families has segmented–dsRNA genome?
Adenoviridae Reoviridae Papovaviridae Parvoviridae Herpesviridae |
Adenoviridae - dsDNA, lin |
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Which of the following viruses causes acquired B lymphocyte deficiency in affected birds?
Visna-Maedi virus Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) Equine adenovirus type 1 Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Marek’s disease |
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
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Which of the following viruses causes acquired T lymphocyte deficiency in affected animal?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Infectious canine hepatitis virus Equine adenovirus type 1 Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Equine infectious anemia virus |
Equine infectious anemia virus
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Which of the following viruses causes myocarditis in affected young animal? |
Foot-and-mouth disease virus
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Which of the following viruses causes T cell proliferation in affected animal?
Pseudorabies virus Canine papillomavirus Foot-and-mouth disease virus Bovine papillomavirus Bovine Leukemia virus |
Bovine Leukemia virus
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Which of the following viruses is associated with equine abortion?
Equine herpesvirus type 1 Equine herpesvirus type 4 Equine adenovirus Equine papillomatosis virus Equine infectious anemia virus |
Equine herpesvirus type 1
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Which one of the following viruses will have its genome integrated into host genome after infection? |
Equine infectious anemia virus
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Which one of the following viruses has the most antigenic variation due to host immune pressure? |
Avian Influenza
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what strategy do you use to tell the morphology of poxviridae apart? |
EM |
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where does poxviridae replicate? specifically. |
replicates in the cytoplasm in inclusion bodies |
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how does poxviridae get into a host cell (hint, two ways) |
endocytosis or direct fusion with the plasma membrane |
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what is the consequence of pox virus binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor? |
causes cell proliferation |
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what cpe does poxvirus cause? |
eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies |
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who are the reservoir hosts for cowpox? susceptible hosts? |
reservoir hosts are rats
susceptible: dogs cats cows human |
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where do you see cowpox lesions on cows? on humans? what are those lesions? |
see them on cow udders see them on human hands papules |
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who is the original host for cowpox? how does cowpox manifest in that host? |
cats they get nodules but they also can get a severe respiratory form which can kill them (zoo cats) |
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what diseases does parapox cause?
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contagious pustular dermatitis (also known as scabby mouth)
pseudocowpox
bovine popular stomatitis |
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what is different about the immunity with a parapox infection? |
the immunity sucks so they can get reinfected, so it can be a chronic problem in the herd |
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where are lesions for pseudocowpox found? |
on genitals, causing breeding problems |
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what's the virus responsible for bovine popular stomatitis? |
parapox |
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what is the difference of transmission between avipoxvirus and parapoxvirus? |
avipoxvirus uses a vector parapox virus is through abraded skin |
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what are the two forms of avipox? which is most common? |
wet form: pharynx and larynx gets infected, can cause asphyxiation
dry form: papules on comb, wattles, beak, more common form |
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how are retrovirus groups classified? |
by their or and/or capsid proteins |
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true or false: the genome of retroviruses don't serve as mRNA |
true! |
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what are the three distinct enzymatic activities of reverse transcriptase in a retrovirus? |
RNA dependent RNA polymerase RNAase- H (cleaving DNA and RNA) DNA dependent DNA polymerase |
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where do retroviruses insert their ds genome? |
at the att site in host DNA |
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true or false: capsid proteins of retroviridae are both group specific and virus specific |
true |
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what is the major antigen of a retrovirus? |
the envelope glycoprotein |
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what are the two main categories of retroviruses? |
oncogenic lenti viruses |
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what is the cell tropism for BLV? are they v-onc negative or positive? |
B cells onc, negative, so they're replication POSITIVE |
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what virus does feline sarcoma virus require? why does it need this virus? |
it requires FeLV needs it because it's onc +, replication defective |
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how is feline leukemia virus spread? |
vertically horizontally--secretions (oral, nasal, feces) |
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true or false: FeSC is a recominant of FeLV |
true |
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what cells does FeLV target? |
wbcs platelets |
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what is the glycoprotein for FeLV? |
gp70 |
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if a cat is infected with FeLV and has a strong immune system, what happens? What about if its stressed? What about a cat with no immune system? |
if the cat has a strong immune system then it will keep the virus under control, no viremic, not shedding
if the cat is stressed it will shed the virus
if the cat has no immune system then they will have a persistent infection |
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what's the difference between the FIV and FeLV genome? |
nothing really except for the gp. FIV= gp120 FeLV= gp 70 |
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how does a cat get FIV? what cells does it go for? |
get FIV from a bite goes for t cells, b cells, macrophages |
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how is EIA spread? |
secretions from a horse fomites arthropod vectors |
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if you put a horse with EIA through vet school midterms, what happens? what about steroids? |
they shed virus again |
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what does the IFA for FeLV detect? |
p27 |
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what is the cell tropism with CAE? |
lymphoid tissue and macrophages and magically it turns into neuro disease |
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orbovirus is genus of reoviridae. name the viruses in this genus (3) |
blue tongue EHDV african horse sickness |
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how are blue tongue, EHDV, and african horse sickness transmitted? |
biological vectors (insects) |
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name some signs that your sheep has blue tongue disease |
oral lesions/necrosis hemorrhage lameness abortion a blue tongue. |
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what are the cells targeted with blue tongue virus? |
epithelial cells endothelial cells hematopoetic cells |
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BTV infects sheep. who are the hosts for epizooitic hemorrhagic disease? |
cattle sheep deer |
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what's the main difference between EHV and BVT? |
host |
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whats the only virus of birnaviridae we care about? |
infectious bursal disease virus |
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flaviviridae is made up of... |
flavivirus pestivirus |
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what are the main viruses in pestivirus |
BVDV Hog Cholera |
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BVDV has two genotypes. what makes them different? |
sequence differences antigenic differences (E2 envelope) |
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what does BVDV cause in a cow? |
erosions and ulcerations in GI-->diarrhea hemorrhage extensive necrosis |
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whats the best way to diagnose BVDV? |
do rt-pcr on an ear notche |
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what's the transmission of hog cholera? |
contact with mucous membranes (oral, in open wounds, insemination) |
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what's the progression of hog cholera throughout a pig? |
initially replicates at the site of entry then replicates in the lymphoid tissues finally gets into systemic circulation and multiplies in lymphoid organs |
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what are some signs of hog cholera? |
hemorrhage, both superficial and internal
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what is the one virus in flavivirus we care about? how is it transmitted? |
flavivirus is an arbovirus, so its transmitted by a mosquito |
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describe the infection of west nile virus IN THE MOSQUITO |
virus is ingested and multiplies in the gut epithelium virus goes to salivary glands and is transmitted there |
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where does west nile initially replicate? |
in the skin and the local lymph nodes (remember its transmitted by a mosquito bite) |
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what is the reason a horse gets CNS signs with west nile virus? |
the virus crosses the BBB and the innate immunity overreacts |
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what are the clinical signs of a horse infected with west nile virus? |
CNS (muscle fasciculations, sleepy horse) |
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true or false: west nile virus only targets horses |
FALSE it also targets horses and shows a high mortality in crows, ravens, and jays |
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what are the two genera of togaviridae and what are they associated with disease-wise |
alphavirus= encephalitis, transmit by Arthropods rubivirus= febrile disease |
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how do togoviridae affect birds? |
they dont, they dont get CPE, only mammals do
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name clinical signs of togavirus infections |
CNS signs interstitial edema |
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what's the vector for eastern equine encephalitis? clinical signs? |
mosquito
laminitis CNS, obviously (it's a togavirus) |
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what does FMD do to young animals? |
causes myocarditis |
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how is FMD spread? |
aeorosol direct oral contact milk and feces
inhalation and ingestion |
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where does FMD first replicate in the host? |
larynx |
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what does FMD do to stay ahead of the immune system? |
antigenic variation |
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what is the difference between the cell tropism of FMD vs swine vesicular disease |
FMD= epithelial cells of mouth and feet
swine vesicular disease= epithelial cells of GUT and feet |
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pig presents with vesicles on its feet. 4 differential diagnoses: go |
FMD swine vesicular disease vesicular exanthema of swine vesicular stomatitis |
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what family does FMD belong to? |
picornaviridae |
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name the diseases of picornaviridae |
FMD swine vesicular disease porcine polioencephalomyelitis avian encephalomyelitis/hepatovirus |
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what age group does porcine encephalomyelitis target? what do you see on histopathology? |
young pigs perivascular cuffing neuronal degeneration |
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aside from the name, what is the main disease with porcine reproductive and respiratory disease? |
immune suppression! |
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with PRRS you see immunosuppression, tissue necrosis, and hemorrhage |
TRUE! weird, no? |
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what is special about the replication of circovirus? |
the cell has to be in S phase, so it likes to infect young animals |
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what is the main virus of circovirus? what age group does it infect? |
porcine-circovirus 2 mainly infects young pigs but is starting to show up in older pigs too |
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what syndrome does porcine circovirus 2 cause? |
porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome |
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what type family is rabies in? genus? |
rhabdoviridae lyssavirus |
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what are the two forms or rabies infection? which is associated with foaming at the mouth, hydrophobia, and aggression? |
furious rabies--this one dumb rabies |
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what are the gross changes of rabies? |
none. |
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describe the progression of rabies through the body |
bites, gets into bloodstream, multiples in muscles locally
then uses peripheral nerves to get to the CNS
then uses peripheral nerves to infect everywhere else |
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where do you sample rabies from? what test do you do? |
brain stem and cerebellum do direct fluorescent antibody |
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what species are infected by vesicular stomatitis virus? how is it transmitted? |
horses, cows, pigs can be transmitted by arthropods or horizontally |
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what structure are the proteins in the normal form? abnormal? |
normal has alpha helices b has b pleated sheets |
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what's the name for the normal form of prion? abnormal form? |
normal= prpc abnormal=prpsc |
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how do prions get to the lymphoid system? |
they're ingested and enter through MALT
(eventually they get to the CNS via nerve endings) |
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how does an animal get mad cow disease? |
eating CNS (including eye) eating distal ileum |
