Bryan - La Med - Fall 3Rd Yr - Exam 2 Part 1

Front 1

What are the common causes of secondary rumenal infections in the cow? What is a major cause of these?

Back 1

Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Fusobacterium
Actinobacillus
(low grade rumenitis)

Front 2

What are the four manifestations of hardware disease?

Back 2

Traumatic reticulitis, reticuloperitonitis, reticulopleuritis, reticulopericarditis

Front 3

What is the classic presentation of traumatic reticulitis?

Back 3

Acute agalactia
Pyrexia
NO rumen contractions
Complete anorexia
Cranial abdominal pain

Front 4

What are the 3 main differentials for cranial abdominal pain in a cow?

Back 4

Traumatic reticulitis
Ruptured liver abscess
Ruptured abomasal ulcer

Front 5

What are the 2 major types of vagal indigestion? Which is most common?

Back 5

Failure of omasal transport (most common)
Failure of pyloric transport

Front 6

What are the three causes of vagal indigestion?

Back 6

Nerve damage
Chronic overdistention
Adhesions

Front 7

A distended rumen is:
a) hyperdynamic
b) hypodynamic

Back 7

a) hyperdynamic (at least until it gets TOO full for too long then nerve damage occurs causing hypomotility)

Front 8

What are the causes of pyloric transport failure?

Back 8

Ruptured ulcer
Nerve damage
Chronic overdistention
Hardware disease

Front 9

How can one discern pyloric from omasal indigestion?

Back 9

History and bloodwork (metabolic alkalosis w/pyloric indigestion)

Front 10

What are the 4 protective mechanisms the rumen has from acids?

Back 10

(1) Non-ionized VFAs are removed (absorbed) readily
(2) Hypertrophy (papillation) occurs when VFAs are high
(3) Contraction cycles increase epithelial contact and absorption
(4) Rumenal outflow drains VFAs into lower GI

Front 11

What is a common bacterial species that blooms with rumenal carbohydrate overload? Which bacterial species blooms next and why?

Back 11

Strept. bovis (produces lactate, lowering pH allowing for Lactobacillus to grow)

Front 12

Why do milk fats drop with grain overload?

Back 12

Low-grade rumenal acidosis causes this

Front 13

What is a major metric for subclinical acidosis?

Back 13

milk fat depression

Front 14

What are some laboratory signs associated with ruminal acidosis?

Back 14

Acid pH of rumen fluid
systemic metabolic acidosis
hyperglycemia
hyperchloremia
dehydration
degenerative left shift

Front 15

What are some clinical signs of ruminal acidosis?

Back 15

fluid and gas distention of a hypomotile rumen
depression, anorexia, tachypnea, tachydarcia, CNS signs, dehydration

Front 16

What are some medical treatments for rumen acidosis?

Back 16

Shock dose + oral fluids
Alkalinizing agents
Thiamine (prevents secondary polioencephalomalacia)
Cold water (kills bacteria)
Abx and antifungals to prevent secondary infxn
Alkalinizing agent in rumen

Front 17

Which tumors are common in the rumen? Abomasum?

Back 17

Rumen (SCC)
Abomasum (lymphoma; adenocarcinoma)

Front 18

Rumenal tumors are associated with ____________ while abomasal tumors are associated with _________________.

Back 18

Bracken fern; Bovine leukemia virus

Front 19

What are the attachment points of the bovine abomasum?

Back 19

Reticuloabomasal ligament (cranially);
duodenum + bile duct (caudally)

Front 20

In most cattle, DA occurs when the _____________ slides under the rumen to the ____________.

Back 20

greater curvature of the abomasum slides under the rumen to the left

Front 21

Choose RDA or LDA for the following:
a) Holstein
b) Swedish red and white

Back 21

a) Holstein (LDA)
b) Red & white (RDA)

Front 22

Which is more likely to get a DA?
a) young beef cow
b) old beef cow
c) young dairy cow
d) old dairy cow

Back 22

d) old dairy cow
(dairy more common than beef; young uncommon)

Front 23

What are some causes of DA?

Back 23

Increased gas or gas accumulation (sub optimal fermentation or motility)
Empty rumen
Diet change
Hypo Ca
metritis/mastitis/ketosis???

Front 24

What are the 2 locations that volvulus can occur in the cow stomach? Which is most severe?

Back 24

reticulum and omasum (most severe)
omasum and abomasum

Front 25

Which of the following is a correct statement:
a) A RDA can turn into a volvulus
b) A volvulus can turn into a RDA

Back 25

b) a volvulus can turn into a RDA (no vovulus can occur after the displacement due to the gas)

Front 26

Choose volvulus or DA...
...rapid drop in appetite and milk.

Back 26

volvulus

Front 27

Choose volvulus or DA...
...decrease in appetite and milk.

Back 27

DA

Front 28

Choose volvulus or DA...
...progressive ketosis.

Back 28

DA

Front 29

Choose volvulus or DA...
...rapid decline in condition.

Back 29

volvulus

Front 30

Choose volvulus or DA...
...hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.

Back 30

DA (truly more acidotic; this is a boards question)

Front 31

Which metabolic abnormalities are associated with abomasal displacement?

Back 31

Hypo-K, hypo-Cl, metabolic alkalosis, high rumen Cl

Front 32

What are negative prognostic indicators for volvulus?

Back 32

HR >120; Cl < 70

Front 33

Describe the location of abomasal ulcers in:
a) dairy cow
b) young calves
c) feedlot animals

Back 33

lesser curvature (cows/feedlot)
Pylorus (calves)

Front 34

Describe the cause of abomasal ulcers in:
a) dairy cow
b) young calves
c) feedlot animals

Back 34

a) dairy cow (post gestation)
b) young calves dairy cow (C. perfringens A or Cu)
c) feedlot animals (stress? corn)

Front 35

Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...an acute severe drop in milk production.

Back 35

Type II (or III or IV)

Front 36

Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...mild to no drop in production.

Back 36

Type I

Front 37

Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...focal perforation and peritonitis.

Back 37

Type III

Front 38

Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...melena.

Back 38

Type II (and III and IV)

Front 39

Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...rupture into omasal bursa.

Back 39

Type III

Front 40

Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...rupture into intestinal recess.

Back 40

Type IV

Front 41

What are common signs associated with type IV abomasal ulcer rupture toward the body wall?

Back 41

vagal indigestion and cranial abdominal pain

Front 42

LDA is most common in...

Back 42

...postparturient dairy cattle

Front 43

How are DAs treated?

Back 43

Surgical correction with medical correction of metabolic imbalances; can try rolling too

Front 44

What is the biggest single reason for bovine colic (anatomical structure, not a disease process)? What are the other 3 causes?

Back 44

Mesenteric pain stretch receptors is #1;
(serosal pain stretch receptors, ischemia/infarct and inflammation )

Front 45

What are some reasons why cattle colic less than horses?

Back 45

Foregut vs. hindgut fermenters
Cows can vomit/eructate
Bigger stomach
shorter mesenteric root
Fibrinous inflammation
Less pain-stretch receptor activity
Metabolic imbalances overshadow pain
No equivalent to S. vulgaris in ruminants
More stoic?

Front 46

What are some postural changes associated with cow colic?

Back 46

elbows out, hunched over, sawhorse stance

Front 47

What are the 2 types of distention?

Back 47

Turgid (fluid)
Gas filled

Front 48

What is the single leading cause of abdominal discomfort in ruminants?

Back 48

Urogenital diseases!
(uterine torsion/dystocia/urinary tract obstruction)

Front 49

What is the meaning of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis? What are 3 factors contributing to the severity of the alkalosis?

Back 49

GI obstruction or hypomotility
(proximity to pylorus, duration, completeness of obstruction)

Front 50

Low Na and Cl + acidosis =

Back 50

DIARRHEA (cha cha cha)

Front 51

Low Na and Cl + alkalosis =

Back 51

URINE RETENTION

Front 52

Acidosis with normal Na and Cl =

Back 52

SHOCK

Front 53

A cow with a previous history of a uterine torsion that was reduced by rolling presents with tachycardia, acidotic with normal Na and Cl, and a decline in milk production. What may be the issue?

Back 53

Mesenteric volvulis
(also maybe SI entrapment or cecal dilation and volvulus)

Front 54

Hematochezia in cattle is a likely sign of...

Back 54

...intussusceptions!

Front 55

What are the two at-risk groups for intussusceptions in cattle?

Back 55

Post-parturient dairy cow
Young calves

Front 56

Swiss brown cows with pings in the right dorsal paralumbar fossa probably have...

Back 56

...cecal dilation and volvulus

Front 57

A beach ball cow likely has...

Back 57

...severe diffuse enteritis

Front 58

__________ toxicosis can cause colic due to hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.

Back 58

Arsenic

Front 59

How can severe diffuse enteritis be differentiated from mesenteric volvulus?

Back 59

History (rolling or not rolling)
Mesenteric volvulus is more acute
(severe diffuse enteritis = beach ball; mesenteric volvulis = apple or papple)

Front 60

What is the prognosis for milk colic?

Back 60

Pretty good! Resolves in a couple of hours.

Front 61

How can milk colic be differentiated from mesenteric volvulus or severe diffuse enteritis?

Back 61

Look at mucous membranes and heart rate; if both are lousy, suspect mesenteric volvulus or enteritis.

Front 62

Fresh blood in the feces of cattle is indicative of...

Back 62

...colitis or tenesmus