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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nielsen's method if providing network tv ratings
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home sample (which mirrors the demographic makeup of the audience) to determine what ppl are watching
people-meter records when the tv is on, who's watching, how long, what show, when, etc |
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sample size for nielsen's national tv ratings
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5100
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problems with measurement (nielsen)
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not very reliable b/c ppl wouldn't 100% of the time press their button with their name on it
some old and young ppl may be intimidated by the technology it doesn't count what shows you watch at other locations people go off to college, etc sports is underrepresented because ppl watch it at bars a lot hispanics underrepresented because they are growing too quickly for nielsen to keep up dvr not taken into account yet |
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privacy issue raised by future passive tv meters with image-recognition devices
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people are "watching" you
if you change your appearance |
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ratings
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the number of households whose tv sets are tuned to a particular program or network (vs all household with tv in the country)
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ratings in 2004
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109.6 million tv households in the country, so 1 ratings point is 1,096,000 households watching
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audience share
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percentage of sets that were ON and tuned to a given program or network
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difference between ratings and audience share
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ratings is out of all tv households
audience share is out of tv households that were watching tv at that moment |
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how networks are affected by ratings
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financial structure depends on ratings: bad rating=bad ads, show gets cancelled really quickly
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failure rate of new series
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extremely high
approx 80% |
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sweeps (and when)
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the time when a station guages who's watching and can set ad rates from this
not a reflection of typical viewing trying to make a good impression and special programs nov, feb, may usually 3 weeks long |
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tactics for boosting viewership during sweeps
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made-for-tv movies
mini-series' first-time on tv movies big name guests on regualr series special story lines: marriage, birth, death, etc live concerts variety shows reunions |
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role of studios in program-making and how shows end up with network slots
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studios only make money on long-lasting shows
studios make shows for different channels just to see what will pick it up if a network likes the pilot episode enough, then they may demand to have more made (but they rarely order a full season) |
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leading studios
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paramount--viacom
warner bros--time warner columbia-tristar--sony touchstone--disney 20th century--fox |
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shows not sold to the network affiliated with the studio
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touchstone: scrubs--nbc, kevin hill--upn
20th century: reba--wb, yes, dear--cbs |
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first-run syndication
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made and then immediately sold individually to station groups or independent stations (to air outside primetime)
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program-making costs
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120 pilots made each yr and only 1/4 make it on the air
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trend toward greater network involvement in program-making
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networks are complaining that they are the ones that make a show a hit yet the studios are getting all of the money
networks continually air shows made "in house"--they have a relationship/affiliation with the show/studio |
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highest paid character on tv
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fraisier
$1.6 mill/episode for the last 2 seasons with 21-22 episodes/yr |
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that 70's show--salaries
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ashton and topher had new deals
paid a lot for being an ensemble cast with a lot of stars |
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alias salary
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jennifer signed a new deal which is a big increase for such a mild hit
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west wing cost
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$6 mill/episode
ratings plummeted last yr |
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the practice cost
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got rid of many stars because of money: abc renewed the series for half of what they previously paid so ppl got fired
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30 sec ad in friends finale
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$2 mill
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highest amount of product placement in a comedy
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the king of queens last season
2,497 incidents (>100 per episode) |
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number one product placement
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american idol
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off-net syndication (and time slot)
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about 100 episodes needed to begin doing this (approx 4 seasons)
comedies do better in off-net syn biggest time slot for this is before and after the news |
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7-8 pm
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access time slot
fcc demanded this hr be given back to other stations |
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5-6 pm
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finge time slot
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success of syndication
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a show must reach minimum 70% of household in the US to attract enough ads to work
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hitting syndication this fall
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malcom in the middle
yes, dear king of queens |
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barter time (syndication sales deals)
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complicated
studio demands a set amount of $ and then 1 minute of ad time to seel to someone else for more $ |
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second-cycle syndication
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fee is lower than 1st package fee
cable networks have been bidding for shows recently |
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highest amount a cable network paid for a syndicated show
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tnn bought csi for $1.6 mill/episode
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game shows--first run syndication
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jeopardy
wheel of fortune |
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talk shows--first run syn
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casualties are high for talk shows (last yr only ellen was successful)
dr. phil oprah regis and kelly |
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infotainment--first run syn
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inside edition
entertainment tonight |
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fiction--first run syn
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she spies
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off-cable syndication
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originally aired on cable
uncommon, but rising in popularity IE sex and the city (hbo then tbs) the real world (mtv then abc) |
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baseball playoffs on fox
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31 mill ppl watched game 7 of the world series
biggest audience for baseball since 2001 and biggest audience in league championship series since the 80s |
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miss america
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abc is not renewing the deal
will prolly end up on cable it was expensive and the ratings were sinking |
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off syndication
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were originally sundicated, then successful and sold packages of reruns later
IE baywatch, xenia |
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concept of lead-in
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wants to hold onto and build onto audience of show before it
successful show may get cancelled because it's leadin audience is small and doesn't transfer over |
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problems with lead-in
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unrealistic expectations to expect a brand new show to hold the entire audience from a long-running giant hit show that's airing before it
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anchor
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takinng a successful show and making it the anchor for the night
IE: survivor moved to compete against Friends, CSI moved to 9 pm mid-season (risky), the OC moved to 8 pm on thurs (against survivor) |
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hammock
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2 established shows on both sides of a new show
IE coupling at 9:30 thurs b/t will and grace and ER listen up b/t still standing and raymond |
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counter-programming
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you decide to put on something that appeals to a completely different audience than what is showing on other channels
IE on superbowl sunday Bravo shows queer eye marathon and WB shows charmed |
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bridging
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"accidental"
running over the normal time table IE football often runs over--good thing b/c when you switch to watch your show, you see something before it and you must wait for your show while watching that bad thing b/c most ppl will just change the channel (they don't care) |
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block programming
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IE tgif, adult swim, nick @ nite
usually had a name block runs for yrs, different shows in and out |
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theme scheduling
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trying to put thematically-similar shows back-to-back
IE buffy then Angel (buffy spinoff) |
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clutter
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ads, promos, anything besides regular program minutes
prime-time for 4 big networks in 2003: avg 17 min of clutter/hr risen by 8% since 2000 and 36% since 1994 ave commercial break length=3 min |
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most clutter-filled network
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abc
54.6 min of clutter during 3 hr primetime |
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avg running time for a drama
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41-42 min/hr
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avg running time for comedy
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21-22 min/30 min
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running some programs without interruption
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catches ppl's attention
first episode special movies IE...season premiere of 24 last yr--sponsor message at the beg and end (6 min film 3 1/2 before and 3 1/2 after) ...Alias debut in 2001--69 min long w/o commercials, nokia announcement at beg and product placement |
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national categories of advertising
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broadcast ntwrk
cable ntnl syndication |
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broadcast ads
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on one or more of terrestrail ntwrks
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cable ads
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on cable networks
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ntnl syndication ads
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on ntnl syndicated shows
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local--categories of advertising
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local spot
ntnl spot |
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local spot ads
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ads sold to individual stations to target a local area
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ntnl spot ads
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reaching ntnl audience by going thru local stations instead of thru networks
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upfront
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late sping/early summer
up to 80% of ad time is sold during this period for the upcoming season/yr broadcast: $9 bill of ads sold during this prd (went down by $.3 bill from 2003 which shows that advertisers are either waiting to see how the season shapes up OR moving to cable) |
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upn upfront
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best this yr compared to previous yrs
advertisers were excited about kevin hill and america's next top model $350 mill worth of ad time (40% better than last yr) |
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nbc upfront
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$2.9 bill
biggest of any ntwrk |
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cbs upfront
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$2.4 bill
($200 mill better than last yr) |
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fox upfront
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$1.6 bill
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abc upfront
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$1.5 bill (down $200 mill)
note: when they give figures like this, they include sports ads whereas no other ntwrk dows, so this $1.5 bill is without that factored in |
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wb upfront
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$675 mill
(down from $700 mill last yr) |
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cable ntwrks upfront combined
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20% more worth of ads sold
$6.4 bill for ad time (compared to $9 bill for broadcast) |
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scatter marker
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ad time sold later in the season
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2 shows which did better than expected (30 sec ads)
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desperate housewives:
upfront--$155,000 now--$255,000 lost: upfront--$130,000 now--$220,000 |
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make good
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when a show underperforms, the station must show the ad enough times to make up for it
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highest show to advertise on
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friends
$473,000 for 30 sec |
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highest syndicated show to advertise on
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friends
$209,000 30 sec |
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night of the week where ad rates are the highest
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thursday
the advertisers want you to get the ad right before the weekend (vehicles, movies, etc) |
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oscars
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2nd costliest to advertise on
abc in feb $1.5 mill 30 sec ad more women than men 43.5 mill viewers |
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olympics
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nbc sold $1 bill in ads
after they started, ads went for $750,000 for 30 sec |
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friends finale
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record for sitcom
$2 mill 30 sec ad slot record before this...1998: sienfeld $1.7 mill |
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virtual ads
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blue screen behind the batter in baseball or on the sides of soccer, football, etc games
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kojack
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usa
old show that they are bringing back |
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kaiser family foundation research
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53% of parents are concerned about the violence their children see on tv
63% would like to see regulations to reduce violence in early evening |
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percentage of children that watch tv without any restrictions
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46%
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1996 telecommunication law
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each tv set must have a v chip if 13" or larger
since 2000 also gave tv industry 1 year to come up with a voluntary ratings system for programming |
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1996 rating system
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based on movie ratings
parents and lawmakers not happy with this TVG-general TVPG-parental guidance TV14-14 and up TVMA-mature TVY-children TVY7-children 7 and up up to networks to decide what rating their shows get |
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ratings created later
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s-sexual
v-violent d-dialogue l-language fv-fantasy violence nbc originally refused to any of the ratings |
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cnn financial news
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cnnfn
shutting down this december lack of coverage 30/110 mill tv households |
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parents tv council study
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sweeps
nov 2002 primetime vs 1998/99 season incidents of violence increased by 41% in 8-9 timeslot up 134% in the 9-10 up 63% in 10-11 "violenve" definition is odd--threat of violence, imply death, fire, etc |
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national tv violence study set-up
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broadest, most substantial study
over 3 years (94-97) 4 different universities >10,000 hours of tv viewed 23 different ntwrks 6 am-11 pm 7 days/wk composite week--mon one week, tues the next, web the next, etc etc (fair reflection over 7 weeks) |
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ntnl tv violence study results
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remarkably little change in the amount of violence on tv during the 3 yrs
yr 1: 58% of program had violence yr 2: 61% yr 3: 61% primetime (broadcast)... yr 1: 53% yr 2: 63% yr 3: 67% primetime (cable)... yr 1: 54% yr 2: 63% yr 3: 64% 71% of violent scenes contain no signs of remorse and no penalty for the violence ?50% of all violence showed victim suffering no physical harm |
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indiana u study
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ntwrk programs contain avg. 37 acts of violence per program
definition of violence included verbal violence (threats and insults) |
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fewest tv viewers on which nights
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friday and sat
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most watched night
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sunday (thurs is second)
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parents tv council study
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8-9 pm 2000-2001
jokes routine on tv: (oral sex, homosexuality, etc) up 78% compared to 2 yrs before includes coarse language (not damn, hell, etc which are too common place and accepted to count) primetime 02-03 8-9 pm: profanity up 95% compared to 98 (9-10 up 109%) |
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father of the pride
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sexual innuendos
promoted orignially as "family programming" ironic because the studio that makes this got a grant from family friendly advertisers the grant was withdrawn because of this show |
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jackass
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00-01
24 episodes 3.9 mill viewers/wek (mtv's #1 show b/f the osbournes) cancelled b/c of criticisms over ppl getting injured imitating the show 02: movie--#1 first week $64 mill in the US |
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9/11 influence on tv news
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it used to be light and fluffy, but after 9/11, we realized that our news had not been doing us good before because we had no idea what was going on in the world
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most common story format
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anchor voiceover with average length of 29 sec
67% of stories were a min or shorter 40% were 30 sec or shorter |
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most covered topic area
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crime
25% on everyday crime like shootings, robberies |
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2nd most popular category/topic
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human interest 10%
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3rd most covered topic
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defense/foreign policy
politics social issues 9% |
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4th most common topic
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economic news
7% |
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5th most covered category
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education
2% |
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austin, texas tv station
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adopted a series of questions to ask about each crime aired on the news:
1)threat to public safety? 2)threat to children? 3)viewer need to take action? 4)significant community impact? 5)part of crime prevention effort? these 5 questions help them decide which crimes to put on tv--would most likely cut down on a lot of crime on the news |
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sweeps on tv news
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IE perverts in the park
hidden camera in men's room at the park and showed graphic oral sex fined by the fcc |
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hdtv
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transmits a signal at twice the resolution of a standard analog signal (525)
1080 lines/screen is most common format wider screen format--analog=4:8, hdtv=16:9 (more elongated) better color crisper audio sharper image |
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fcc timetable for conversion to hdtv
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15 years
gave broadcasters an extra slice of the spectrum to transmit a second signal (analog and hdtv signals) by 15 yrs, the broadcasters must give the analog stations to the govnt to auction off for revenue until dec, 2006, broadcasters can simulcast both signals |
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problem with hdtv conversion
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all commercial stations should ahve had all their stations on the hd air by now but they don't
it's expensive most stations did not meet the specific deadlines thus far |
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stations offering hdtv now
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1,344 stations in the US are broadcasting digital
almost everyone in america can pick up at least 1 digital signal 88% of US households can pick up 5 or more digital signals 69% get 8 or more |
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cost of hdtv
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98: $5,000-$10,000
04: $1400 $75-$100 bill for all americans to go out and buy an hdtv |
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early adopter
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person who wants to be the first with a new technology
type of person to buy an hdtv in 1998 |
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stations with hi def
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1998: cbs, abc, pbs
1999: bnc 2004: fox cbs carried the torch for hdtv in 2002, hi-def programming went up by 50% from 2001 |
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csi:NY cut-in
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cbs angered affiliates by cutting into CSI: NY for a news report and then never returned to the show
he was fired |
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saving private ryan
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scared to show it on veteran's day b/c of the language and violence
65 of abc's affiliates chose not to show the uncut version of the movie |
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plug n play
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hdtv manufacturers and cable companies came to a deal...
manufacturers could build in technology that would prevent needing a cable box |
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hdnet
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pioneering network on hi-def
carries mostly sports launched in 2001 spinoff in 2003: hdnetmovies |
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stations with hi def networks
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hbo, shotime, encore, starz, discovery, tnt, espn, bravo
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voom
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hi-def satellite service
39 hi-def networks in addition to standard stations |
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multi-casting
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use bit of digital spectrum and sending out multiple standard digital signals vs. just one hi-def signal
digital compression technology provides many opportunities for local broadcasters |
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multi-casting pros and cons for viewer
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pos: more digital channels IE more sports shown during NCAA tourney or olympics
neg: get nothing for free, fcc more strict on cable channels, more standard-def vs. hi-def |
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grand alliance
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research groups worked together to come up with one industry standard for hdtv
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what the computer industry wanted for hdtv
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progressive signal system
transmits entire signal at once, but only capable of 720 lines |
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what tv industry wanted for hdtv
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interlaced system
divides signal into stripes half stripes sent immediately and the other half a 30th of a second later |
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hdtv standard
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1080 lines
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hdtv began broadcasting when
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july 1996
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pvr
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personal video recorder
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dvr
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digital video recorder
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first station to transmit hi-def signal
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WRAL in N.C.
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prob with dvr for advertisers
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ppl may fastforward thru ads and cause cheaper shows, more product placement, mini ads, etc
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station liscensing
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to get a liscense you must...
be a US citizen or be an organization without high amounts of foreign control IE Fox with denied the sale of 6 tv stations b/c news corp is an austrailan company ...you must be of good character ...you must have the financial means to buy/build a station |
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profanity
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blashpemous use of the name God
usually ignored by the FCC |
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obscenity
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showing or describing sex in an offensive way that is not of artistic, literary, political, scientific value
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indecency
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language or material that depicts or describes offensive sexual or excretory activites of organs
leads to many fines band on indecent broadcasts from 6 am to 10 pm |
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regulation
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sets ground rules, ensures orderly development of the industry, and provides oversight
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indecency penalties
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fined up to $500,000 per incident or $3 mill/day
up to $27,500 max right now fcc could also revoke liscense after just one offense any use of the F word is in violation of indecency |
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howard stern
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infiniti let his fines accumulate
didn't pay them $1.7 "voluntary contribution" to the US Treasury to make the complaints (going back to 87) go away |
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censorship
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you can get fined after something, but no before-the-fact censorship
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repurposing
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show airs in a 2nd window
IE life as we know it on mtv |
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returning series gained most viewers
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one tree hill
started slowly and lowkey |
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returning series lost most viewers
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8 simple rules
ratings were huge right after he died so compared to that, they're very low now |
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myfi
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handheld XM receivers
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fcc
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independent federal agency responsible for cable, radio
also responsible for telephones, satellites, etc |
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fcc positions
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5 positions
5 yr terms no more than 3 from one party (the one party with more is the party which is in the white house) |
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current fcc chair
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michael powell
republican colin powell's son chair since age 37 he appoints the 5 commissioners didn't want an excess of rule-making didn't want to give out an exact list of bad words/scenarios etc he wanted to be able to take context into account for things |
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4 other fcc commissioners
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abernathy-R
copps-D martin-R pldelstein-D tend to be lawyers |
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FCC bureaus
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media
wireless telecommunications international enforcement wireline consumer and governmental affairs |
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fcc budget
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$280 mill
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civil servants
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fcc employers who aren't commissioners
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fcc can...
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1)issue a cease and desist order
2)fine station up to $25,000/day for each seperate ciolation up to $150,000 3)put a station's renewal on notice (short-term renewal) 4)take a station's liscence away |
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US as #1 global tv seller
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america sells more tv programming than anyone else anywhere
about $2.5 bill worth/yr 2/3 of entire sales market get about 1/2 of our revenue for sales and distribution from what we sell overseas |
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expanding # of overseas channels
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continues to grow rapidly so they need something to put on the air--buying it from us is less expensive than making it themselves
american-branded networks in international versions--mtv, discovery, etc |
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what sells well overseas
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films
ficitonal series' (drama/action-adventure does better than comedy) IE sopranos, alias, the sheild ...less reliant on language bc much comedy is culture-specific action/adventure shows are more expensive so a station would rather buy than produce them sci-fi and fantasy do well comedy= hit or miss talk shows, sports, children shows, animation all do well |
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EU about selling shows overseas
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at least 51% of all programming must be european in origin with exception to news, sports, and games
ppl concerned about potential harmful effects of american programming on other cultures |
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reformating
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remake a show for viewers in another country
nonfiction (game shows, reality): the original programmer sells the rights to do this biggest hits: WOF and jeopardy |
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reversioning
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remake fictional shows
dramas and comedies: you buy the rights AND the scripts (saves time and money) Friends in china south park in taiwan etc |
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launch of branded channels in other countries
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became possible thru technological and regulation improvements
recent massive deregulation overseas caused ppl to want more choice--more stations as cable grids spread, satellites launched, etc, there was capacity for new networks to launch overseas |
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mtv overseas
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viacom
mtv is virtually global now 384 mill households and 140 countries (2/3) most widely distributed ntwrk in the world increased localization "think globally, act locally" mtv pays attention to what local viewers want to see and hear |
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reversioned for US tv
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touching evil
coupling (NBC)--a lot of hype but did poorly british blamed NBC for the fialure because they took over |
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7 things that often change with reversioning
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premise
format setting characters plot dialogue creative feel of show |
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the librarian
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tnt
made-for-tv movie action-adventure made to be funny tnt shows movie at 8 pm then again at 10 pm same night |