Biochem

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Karl Scheele

Back 1

Founder of Biochemistry

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Karl Scheele

Back 2

Studied the composition of matter in 1700

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Schleiden and Schwann

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Formulated the Cell Theory in 1840

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Walther Flemming

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Discovered chromosomes in 1875

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Carl Newberg

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German scientist who coined the word 'Biochemistry'

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Hans Kreb

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Proposed the Kreb Cycle in 1937

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Embden & Meyerhoff

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Described the glycotic pathway in 1925

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James Watson & Francis Crick

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Described the double helical structure of DNA

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Edward & Hans Buchner

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Found out that extracts from yeasts could bring about the fermentation of sugar into alcohol in 1897

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Paul Boyer and J. Walker

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Discovered the "Rotary Engine" that generated ATP in 1997

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Danish J. Skou

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Studied the "pump" that drives sodium and potassium across membranes

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Stanley Prusiner

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Discovered the organism that caused "mad cow disease"

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Ruska, et. al.

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Discovered the electron microscope

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Structural

Metabolism

Genetics

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3 areas of Biochemistry

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Biomolecules

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Molecules found in living matter

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Small molecules

Macromolecules

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Two broad types of biomolecules

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Amino Acids

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Monomers of proteins

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Nitrogenous bases

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Pyramidines and Purines

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Sugars

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Glucose, galactose, mannose

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Sugar alcohol

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Example: Glycerol

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Nitrogenous alcohol

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Example: Choline

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Fatty Acids

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Examples: almitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid

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H+ and OH-

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Ionization products of water

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Hydrogen bonding

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Enables water to dissovle many organic biomolecules

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H-bonds

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Account for the surface tension, viscosity, liquid state at room temperature, and solvent power of water.

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high H+ conc

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Low pH values

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low H+ conc

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High pH values

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Acids

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Proton donors

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Bases

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Proton acceptors

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Hydrogen bonding

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Enables water to dissolve many organic biomolecules that contain functional groups

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Oxidation

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Process wherein most of the energy liberated by living matter is derived from the oxidation of organic substances such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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Reduction

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Loss of oxygen or by gain of hydrogen or electrons.

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Hydrolysis

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Union of a substance with one or more molecules of water.

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Hydrolysis

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Large molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler forms.

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Condensation

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Simple fragments unite with one another to form a more complex compound.

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Tautomerism

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Also known as isometric transformation.

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Tautomerism

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Intramolecular rearrangement of atoms within a molecule.

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Diffusion

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Interpenetration of molecules between two substances.

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Diffusion

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Occurs whenever the solute distributes itself uniformly into the solvent.

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size of molecules, temperature, molecular weight

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factors affecting diffusion

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Osmosis

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Passage of water molecules from high to low concentration or from high osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.

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Isotonic

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Equal concentration of ions in solution and cell

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Hypertonic

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High concentration of ions vs the cell

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Hypotonic

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Low concentration of ions in solution vs the cell

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Nucleotides

Amino Acids

Monosaccharides

Fatty Acids

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Building Blocks

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Precursors from the Environment

Metabolic Intermediates

Building Blocks

Macromolecules

Supramolecular Assemblies

Organelles

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Hierarchy in the Molecular Organization of Cells

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Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Polysaccharides

Lipids

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Macromolecules

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Nucleus

Mitochondria

Golgi Complex

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lysosomes

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Organelles

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Back 49

Parts of the Cell

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Nucleus

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Contains most of the cell's genes and is usually thr most conspicuous organelle

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Nuclear Envelope

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Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.

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Nuclear Lamina

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Maintains the shape of the nucleus and is composed of proteins

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Chromosomes

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In the nucleus, the DNA is organized into discrete units called?

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Chromatin

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The DNA and proteins of chromosomes together

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Chromatin

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Condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

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Nucleolus

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Located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

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Ribosomes

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Complexes of rRNA and protein

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells.

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Smooth ER

Rough ER

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Two distinct regions of ER

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Smooth ER

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lacks ribosome

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Rough ER

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Studded with ribosomes

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Functional Groups

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The basis for the classification of organic compounds into families

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Alkanes

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Simplest family of molecules

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Straight-chain alkane

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Carbon connected in a row; normal alkanes

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Branched-chain alkanes

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Examples: 2-methylpropane, 2,2-dimethylpropane

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Alkyl Groups

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Removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane

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Dichloromethane

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Widely used haloalkane solvent

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Alkenes and Alkynes

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Unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

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120 degrees

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Bond angle for alkenes and alkynes

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Rhodopsin

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Reddish compound

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Terpenes

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The essential oil found in plants

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Benzene

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Six carbon rings with alternating single and double bonds and one hydrogen bonded to each carbon

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Contributing structure

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Each Lewis structure is called a

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Phenyl Group

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The aryl group derived by removing a hydrogen atom from benzene.

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Arenes

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Alkyl-substituted benzenes

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Carcinogen

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A compound that causes cancer

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Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

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Contains two or more benzene rings

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Thyroxine

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Hormone produced in the thyroid glands

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Trinitrololuene

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TNT; explosive

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Ketone

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Carbonyl is bonded to 2 carbon atoms

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Acetone (propanone)

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Simplest ketone

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Aldehyde

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Carbonyl is bonded to a hydrogen atom

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Methanal

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Simplest aldehyde

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Aliphatic Amine

Aromatic Amine

Heterocyclic Amine

Heterocyclic Aliphatic Amine

Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine

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Types of Amines

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Aliphatic amine

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Type of amine where all the carbons bonded to nitrogen is derived from alkyl groups

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Aromatic amine

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One or more of the groups bonded to nitrogen are aryl groups

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Heterocyclic amine

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An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of a ring

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Heterocyclic aliphatic amine

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When the ring is saturated

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Heterocyclic aromatic amine

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An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of an aromatic ring; purines and pyramidines