Brainstem Tracts

Front 1

what are the vertical sensory tracts in the brainstem?

Back 1

spinothalamic, dorsal column, spinocerebellar, trigeminal lemniscus

Front 2

what are the vertical autonomic tracts in the brainstem?

Back 2

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Front 3

what are the vertical motor tracts in the brainstem?

Back 3

corticospinal, corticobrainstem, corticopontine, corticoreticular

Front 4

where does modification of the spinothalamic tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 4

not modified in the brainstem

Front 5

where does modification of the dorsal columns occur in the brainstem?

Back 5

axons synapse in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus; 2nd order cross midline to form medial lemniscus

Front 6

where does modification of the spinocerebellar tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 6

axons leave the brainstem via inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles to enter the cerebellum

Front 7

where does modification of the trigeminal lemniscus occur in the brainstem?

Back 7

2nd order neuron cell-bodies are in the main sensory nucleus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus and cross the midline

Front 8

where does modification of the sympathetic tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 8

not modified in the brainstem

Front 9

where does modification of the parasympathetic tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 9

axons synapse with brainstem between parasympathetic nuclei or continue through the brainstem and cord to the sacral level of the spinal cord

Front 10

where does modification of the corticospinal tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 10

not modified in the brainstem

Front 11

where does modification of the corticobrainstem tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 11

axons synapse with cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

Front 12

where does modification of the corticopontine tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 12

axons synapse with nuclei in the pons

Front 13

where does modification of the corticoreticular tract occur in the brainstem?

Back 13

axons synapse within the reticular formation

Front 14

what part of the brainstem produces the neurotransmitter dopamine?

Back 14

ventral tegmental area

Front 15

what part of the brainstem produces the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

Back 15

pedunculopontine nucleus

Front 16

what part of the brainstem produces the neurotransmitter serotonin?

Back 16

raphe nuclei

Front 17

what part of the brainstem produces the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

Back 17

locus coerulus and medial reticular zone

Front 18

what are the afferents to the vestibulocerebellum?

Back 18

neurons that innervate the vestibular apparatus, lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and indirectly from the visual cortex via pontine nuclei synapses

Front 19

what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

Back 19

coordinate eye and head movement in relation to the position of the body in space

Front 20

what are the efferents to the vestibulocerebellum?

Back 20

purkinje cells, which give rise to the lateral vestibulospinal tract and the medial vestibulospinal tract

Front 21

what is the purpose of the lateral vestibulospinal tract?

Back 21

ipsilateral tract with bilateral influence on the extensor antigravity muscles

Front 22

what is the purpose of the medial vestibulospinal tract?

Back 22

bilateral tract that influences head and neck muscles

Front 23

what is produced with damage to the flocculonodular lobe?

Back 23

problems with equilibrium: unable to effectively use vestibular info to coordinate equilibrium responses, wide-based stance, ataxic gait, nystagmus

Front 24

which two sets of nuclei are found in the spinocerebellum?

Back 24

fastigial and interposed

Front 25

what are the afferent projections to the spinocerebellum?

Back 25

dorsal spinocerebellar tract, cuneocerebellar tract, and indirectly through the pontine nuclei/middle cerebellar peduncle, somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, visual cortex, and auditory cortex

Front 26

where does info from the thoracic spinal nerve synapse on its way to the cerebellum?

Back 26

Clark's nucleus

Front 27

how does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?

Back 27

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 28

what are the two targets of the fastigial nucleus?

Back 28

bilateral innervation to the reticular formation and vestibular nuclei (both influence axial musculature); contralateral ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (anterior corticospinal tract, which also has influence on axial musculature)

Front 29

what are the two targets of the interposed nucleus?

Back 29

contralateral red nucleus (distal musculature) and contralateral ventral lateral thalamus (gives rise to lat. corticospinal tract; distal musculature)

Front 30

what is the function of the spinocerebellum?

Back 30

compensates for small changes in load in the completion of a motor command, helps to produce required muscle tone, and promotes smooth fluid completion of the motor command

Front 31

what occurs with damage to the fastigial nucleus?

Back 31

difficulty sitting or standing, trunk titubations, wide-base stance, drunken sailors gait, dysarthria

Front 32

what occurs with damage to the interposed nucleus?

Back 32

ataxic limb movements and intention tremor (ipsilateral symptoms)

Front 33

what nuclei are present in the cerebrocerebellum?

Back 33

dentate nucleus

Front 34

what are the afferent projections to the cerebrocerebellum?

Back 34

primary motor, premotor, primary sensory, and sensory association cortices via the pontine nuclei and middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 35

what are the two targets of the dentate nucleus?

Back 35

contralateral ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (then goes to the contralateral motor and premotor cortices) and contralateral red nucleus (to neurons that project to the inferior olives)

Front 36

which part of the cerebellum receives little to no direct sensory information?

Back 36

cerebrocerebellum

Front 37

where does the cerebrocerebellum get its sensory info?

Back 37

from the cortex (indirectly)

Front 38

what occurs with damage to the cerebrocerebellum?

Back 38

dysmetria/hypermetria, dysdiadochokinesia, difficulty initiating movement, issues with linguistic and spatial memories

Front 39

what are signs/symptoms of cerebellar cognitive affective disorder (CCAS)?

Back 39

anxiety, ruminativeness, perservation, anhedonia, aggression

Front 40

what occurs in the brain with autism?

Back 40

cerebellar degeneration: reduced purkinje cells, gray/white matter abnormalities, high levels of serotonin

Front 41

what occurs in the brain with schizophrenia?

Back 41

smaller bilateral cerebellar volumes as compared to controls, disruption of the cerebellothalamocortical projections