Brain + Behavior 2009 -- Week 2

Front 1

What is purpose of corticobulbar tract?

Back 1

Voluntary movement of facial muscles; Cortex to brain stem, innervates CN V, VII, XII

Front 2

Difference in motor innervation of upper and lower face?

Back 2

Upper face gets bilateral innervation; lower face is only innervated by contralateral corticobulbar tract

Front 3

Which layer of the cortex is the primary input layer?

Back 3

Layer IV

Front 4

What layers of the cortex send outputs to the thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord, and other areas of the cortex?

Back 4

V and VI (via pyramidal cells in layers II and III)

Front 5

What is lateral zone of cerebellum called? Basic function?

Back 5

Cerebrocerebellum; Motor preparation and planning

Front 6

What is common name for intermediate and medial zones of cerebellum? Basic purpose?

Back 6

Spinocerebellum; Posture regulation and limb movement

Front 7

What is common name for flocculus and nodulus of cerebellum? Basic purpose?

Back 7

Vestibulocerebellum; Balance regulation and head+eye coordination

Front 8

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

Back 8

Dentate, Fastigial, Interposed (and the vestibulocerebellar which is displaced to the brainstem)

Front 9

What are the three cortical layers of the cerebellum and what types of cells are in each?

Back 9

* Molecular -- stellate and basket cells
* Purkinje -- purkinje cells and all interneurons (golgi, basket, stellate)
* Granular -- granule and golgi cells

Front 10

Where do mossy fibers synapse?

Back 10

Onto granule cells

Front 11

Where do climbing fibers come from and where do they synapse?

Back 11

From inferior olive in brainstem; synapse on Purkinje cells

Front 12

Purpose of golgi, basket, and stellate cells?

Back 12

Golgi cells inhibit granule cells; Basket and stellate cells inhibit Purkinje cells

Front 13

Where do Purkinje cells synapse?

Back 13

On deep nuclei; have INHIBITORY effect

Front 14

What makes up the middle cerebellar peduncle?

Back 14

Mossy fibers exiting the pontine nuclei

Front 15

What makes up the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Back 15

* Neurons from dentate nucleus in cerebellum heading for VL thalamus
* Fibers from Ventral spinocerebellar tract headed for cerebellum

Front 16

What makes up the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Back 16

* Fibers from Purkinje cells to vestibular nuclei
* Fibers from dorsal spinocerebellar tract headed for cerebellum
* Fibers from inferior olivary nucleus headed for cerebellum

Front 17

Where are the neurons of the reticular formation located?

Back 17

Scattered in midbrain, pons, medulla

Front 18

What changes in mechanics of locomotion to allow increased pace?

Back 18

Shorter stance phase; swing phase remains about constant

Front 19

What is a central pattern generator?

Back 19

Oscillatory spinal cord local circuit that makes rhythmic pattern in absence of inputs (ie lets half-cats walk)

Front 20

Cerebellar problems present on which side of body?

Back 20

Ipsilateral

Front 21

Common cause of acute cerebellar ataxia?

Back 21

Toxins (alcohol, medications)

Front 22

Four main components of basal ganglia:

Back 22

* Striatum (caudate and putamen)
* Pallidum (Globus pallidus interna and externa)
* Substantia nigra (pars compacta and reticularis)
* Subthalamic nucleus

Front 23

Where is dopamine produced?

Back 23

In pars compacta of substantia nigra (SNc)

Front 24

What is output of basal ganglia (big picture)?

Back 24

Inhibition of thalamus signaling to cortex

Front 25

What makes up diencephalon?

Back 25

Anything called __thalamus

Front 26

Big picture function of thalamus?

Back 26

Gate for systems projecting to cortex

Front 27

Five main relay nuclei of thalamus?

Back 27

* Anterior nucleus (AN)
* Ventrolateral and Ventroanterior nucleus (VA/VL)
* Ventro-postero-lateral and -medial (VPL and VPM) nuclei
* Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
* Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Front 28

What is purpose of VPL and VPM nuclei?

Back 28

Relay nuclei of thalamus for somatosensory info from body and face heading to somatosensory cortex

Front 29

What is purpose of LGN?

Back 29

Relay nuclei of thalamus for visual info from retina to visual cortex

Front 30

What is purpose of MGN?

Back 30

Relay nuclei of thalamus for auditory information heading to auditory cortex

Front 31

What is purpose of VL?

Back 31

Relay nuclei of thalamus for sense and motor information from cerebellum and basal ganglia heading to motor cortex

Front 32

What is purpose of AN?

Back 32

Relay nuclei of thalamus for limbic information from mammilary bodies heading to limbic cortex in cingulate gyrus

Front 33

What sense does NOT go through thalamus?

Back 33

Smell; olfactory tract goes directly to cortex on ipsilateral side

Front 34

What is unique about olfactory sensory neurons?

Back 34

Regenerate continuously

Front 35

What tastes are transmitted by ion channels?

Back 35

Salt and Sour

Front 36

What tastes are transmitted by GPCRs?

Back 36

Umami, Bitter, Sweet

Front 37

What nerves are involved in the three types of chemosensation?

Back 37

* Olfactory: CNI
* Gustatory: CN VII, IX, X
* Somatosensory: CN V

Front 38

What nerves exit the midbrain?

Back 38

III and IV

Front 39

What sense is associated with the superior colliculi?

Back 39

Vision

Front 40

What sense is associated with the inferior colliculi?

Back 40

Hearing

Front 41

What is the only wholly crossed cranial nerve?

Back 41

IV - trochlear

Front 42

What nerves exit the pons?

Back 42

V, VI, VII, VIII

Front 43

What nerves exit the medulla?

Back 43

IX, X, XII

Front 44

Where is the medial lemniscus located in the midbrain? In the medulla?

Back 44

Medial in medulla; lateral in midbrain

Front 45

What tract do descending hypothalamic fibers run with through the brainstem?

Back 45

Anterolateral system

Front 46

What runs in the cerebral peduncles?

Back 46

Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers

Front 47

In which parts of the brainstem can you see the IVth ventrical?

Back 47

Pons and rostral medulla

Front 48

What types of cranial nerves exit medially from brainstem?

Back 48

PURELY MOTOR CN's

Front 49

What nerve exits most laterally from the brainstem?

Back 49

VIII (only purely sensory nerve)

Front 50

What types of cranial nerve nuclei lie MOST medially in brainstem?

Back 50

Nuclei sending fibers to innervate regular skeletal muscle (CN III, IV, VI, XII)

Front 51

What is the "middle-motor" column of CN nuclei in the brainstem?

Back 51

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (CN III, VII, IX, X)

Front 52

What is the most lateral motor column of CN nuclei in the brainstem?

Back 52

Pharyngeal arch motor stuff (CN V, VII, IX, X)

Front 53

What is the most medial column of sensory nuclei in the brainstem?

Back 53

Solitary nucleus -- taste (CN VII, IX, X)

Front 54

What is the middle column of sensory nuclei in the brainstem?

Back 54

Vestibular and Cochlear nuclei (VIII)

Front 55

What is the most lateral column of sensory nuclei in the brainstem?

Back 55

Trigeminal system

Front 56

What are the four main trigeminal nuclei and where are they located?

Back 56

* Mesencephalic in midbrain
* Principal sensory and motor nuclei in pons
* Spinal nuclei in pons/medulla

Front 57

Four main problems with CNS axonal regeneration?

Back 57

1. Loss of trophic support from target
2. Older neurons lose ability to regenerate
3. CNS myelin has outgrowth inhibitors
4. Glial scar at injury site due to activated astrocytes

Front 58

What reflex tests "integrity of midbrain"?

Back 58

Pupillary light reflex (II and III)

Front 59

What reflex tests "integrity of pons"?

Back 59

Corneal reflex (V and VII)

Front 60

What reflex tests connection of medulla and midbrain?

Back 60

Vestibular-Ocular reflex (involves III, VI, VIII)

Front 61

Brain stem lesion with gradual onset implies what?

Back 61

Tumor; especially common in children

Front 62

What is function of Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

Back 62

Parasympathetic fibers of CNIII supplying muscles that constrict iris and accommodate the lens