Brain And Behavior

Front 1

With active mental concentration, what type of brain waves do you see?

Back 1

beta waves >12 Hz

Front 2

What type of brain waves do you see with closed eyes and you become drowsy?

Back 2

alpha waves (between 8-12 Hz)

Front 3

Stage I sleep EEG is characterized by ___ activity

Back 3

theta

Front 4

Which stage of sleep is characterized by theta waves that also includes sleep spindles and high amplitude groups of waves called K-complexes?

Back 4

Stage 2

Front 5

Which stage of sleep makes up most of sleep time in young adults?

Back 5

Stage 2

Front 6

What stage of sleep is associated with bruxism/teeth grinding?

Back 6

Stage 2

Front 7

In what stage of sleep are you more likely to see sleepwalking?

Back 7

Stage 3/4, hence usually occurs earlier in the night

Front 8

What is the average REM latency?

Back 8

90 minutes

Front 9

Is shortened REM latency seen in narcoleptic patients?

Back 9

yes

Front 10

REM sleep behavior disorder usually occurs during what part of the night?

Back 10

later in the night

Front 11

What is the term characterized by a sudden physical collapse caused by the loss of all muscle tone after a strong emotional stimulus, such as anger, laughter or sexual stimulation?

Back 11

cataplexy

Front 12

What is an alarming symptom where there is inability to move the body for a few seconds after waking?

Back 12

sleep paralysis

Front 13

Sleep meds increase what stage of sleep?

Back 13

Stage II

Front 14

The ____ nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus acts as the main timekeeper of the brain

Back 14

suprachiasmatic

Front 15

Light situmlates the production of CLOCK and BMAL1 in the ____ nucleus

Back 15

suprachiasmatic

Front 16

What dimer inhibits the production of the CLOCK and BMAL1 dimer?

Back 16

PER-CRY

Front 17

What neurotransmitters are wake inducing?

Back 17

norepinephrine and dopamine

Front 18

Is the ventral pre-optic nucleus sleep or wake inducing?

Back 18

sleep

Front 19

Does orexin support or inhibit wakefulness?

Back 19

support
some narcoleptics are orexin deficient

Front 20

The ___ nucleus of the hypothalamus is the site of integration of sleep signals

Back 20

dorsomedial

Front 21

For the WADA test, during injection, typically the ____ hemisphere, the patient will have impaired speech and language or be completely unable to express or understand language

Back 21

left

Front 22

The spatial attention network is right or left hemisphere dominant?

Back 22

right

Front 23

A facial recognition network is located in what lobe?

Back 23

temporal lobe, mostly lateral portions

Front 24

Are symptoms such as depression, OCD, and anxiety considered deficit or productive symptoms?

Back 24

productive symptoms

Front 25

Monkeys with lesions to their amygdala show more or less expression of fear?

Back 25

less

Front 26

Does an assymetrical lesion of the amygdala lead to loss of fear?

Back 26

No, only a bilateral lesion does

Front 27

Can a person who injured her amydala draw the expression of fear?

Back 27

No

Front 28

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus releases CRH?

Back 28

paraventricular nucleus, also releases vasopressin

Front 29

Does the amygdala activate or inhibit the PVN of the hypothalamus to release CRH?

Back 29

activate

Front 30

Does the frontal cortex serve to tonically inhibit the amygdala?

Back 30

Yes

Front 31

Is the orbitalfrontal cortex important in decision making skills?

Back 31

Yes, phineaus gage injured this part of his brain and could no longer make good decisions

Front 32

_____ is the critical neurotransmitter to driving the response for motivated behavior

Back 32

Dopamine

Front 33

____ is activated by money, pretty faces, and video gaming, known as reward center

Back 33

nucleus accumbens

Front 34

In order to be diagnosed with depression, you must have which of the 5 problems for at least 2 weeks or more?

Back 34

depression or anhedonia (lack of pleasure in anything)

Front 35

What is a marker of adiposity?

Back 35

leptin

Front 36

Mutation in what gene is the single known genetic cause of obesity?

Back 36

Melacortinin 4

Front 37

In the Minnesota Starvation Experiment what symptoms did subjects start experiencing after 24 weeks of semi-starvation?

Back 37

depression
obsession with food
loss of libido
hurting oneself

Front 38

When the body is in starvation mode will there be a higher or lower body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate?

Back 38

lower, body trying to conserve energy

Front 39

Does CCK make you feel hungry or full?

Back 39

full

Front 40

Does ghrelin make you feel hungry or full?

Back 40

hungry

Front 41

During gastric bypass surgery, you lose the production of ____, which can make you feel less hungry

Back 41

ghrelin

Front 42

All appetite signals are integrated in the ____

Back 42

hypothalamus

Front 43

Does Peptide YY stimulate or inhibit appetite?

Back 43

inhibit, is released when too much fat accumulates in the small intestine/colon (i think)

Front 44

The largest concentration of leptin receptors are located where in the hypothalamus?

Back 44

arcuate nucleus

Front 45

POMC neurons work to increase or decrease eating? They are stimulated by? They produce what?

Back 45

decrease
leptin
alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone, which binds to receptors such as melacortinin-4, decreasing eating

Front 46

Do POMC neurons antagonize Neuropeptide Y neurons?

Back 46

No

Front 47

NPY work to increase or decrease eating?
Do they anatogonize POMC neurons?
Does NPY stimulate the production of alpha-MSH or AGRP?

Back 47

increase
Yes via GABA-nergic neurons
AGRP which antagonizes the melacortinin-4 receptor that decreases appetite

Front 48

How does injury to the lateral hypothalamus affect appetite?

Back 48

LH increase appetite. Therefore a lesion there will cause someone to lose their appetite and hence be very skinny


people who are calorically restricted pay more attention to the food related items due to projection of lateral hypohalmaic area to the cerebral cortex

Front 49

Calorie rich food stimulate the production of ___ from the ventral striatum --> idea of food being an addiction

Back 49

dopamine

Front 50

obese ppl have impaired release of ____ with food intake --> need more and more calorically rich food in order to achieve similar ____ feedback

Back 50

dopamine

Front 51

Working memory is associated with what Brodmann area?

Back 51

46

Front 52

Is the anterior or posterior network of attention more voluntary?

Back 52

anterior

Front 53

Is the anterior or posterior network of attention more associated with regulation of motor activity and has connections to the basal ganglia and pre-frontal cortex (dorsal lateral and anterior cingulate cortex)?

Back 53

anterior

Front 54

Can the anterior attention network override the posterior attention network?

Back 54

Yes

Front 55

The superior colliculus, pulvinar, and posterior parietal lobe are all structures related to the anterior or posterior attention network?

Back 55

posterior attention network

Front 56

Do stimulants increase or decrease working memory? What about antipsychotics?

Back 56

Stimulants increase working memory
Anti-psychotics decrease working memory

Front 57

Which neurotransmitters are involved in working memory?

Back 57

dopamine and norepinephrine
this is why anti-psychotics can impair working memory because it decreases the number of D2 receptors available for uptake of dopamine

Front 58

What is a theory of how adults grow out of ADHD?

Back 58

their right parietal lobe has more gray matter thickness

Front 59

Is attention system dominant on the left or right side of the brain?

Back 59

right, therefore damage to the right parietal lobe can lead to left side neglect

the left side of the brain is not dominant and can only attend to the right side, whereas the right side of the brain attends to both the right and left side

Front 60

What NT systems are involved in delirium?

Back 60

acetylcholine

Front 61

What type of medication should you stop if you think a person is having delirium episodes?

Back 61

anti-cholinergic medicines

Front 62

For you to be diagnosed with chronic pain, how long does the pain have to persist?

Back 62

6 months

Front 63

Peripheral nociceptors have cell bodies in what two ganglions?

Back 63

dorsal root ganglion
face = trigeminal ganglion

Front 64

Which channels, expressed on nociceptive neurons, are sensitive to noxious stimuli?

Back 64

TRP channels

Front 65

Tissue damage releases ___ and ____ ions from damaged cells

Back 65

K+ and H+

Front 66

Release of this substance during acute pain leads to stimulation of the release of histamine and vasodilation

Back 66

Substance P

Front 67

Which type of alpha fibers can dampen the pain signal?

Back 67

alpha-beta

Front 68

Sensitization to pain can be increased via inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. True or False?

Back 68

True

Front 69

Sensitization may occur due to 2nd messenger _____ of TRP channels or sodium channels in the pain pathway

Back 69

phosphorylation

Front 70

Cognitive Insensitivity to Pain is caused by a lack of what type of fibers?

Back 70

A-delta and C fibers

Front 71

Do patients who have more activity in their anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula have more or less tolerance to pain?

Back 71

less tolerance

Front 72

Is high or low COMT activity associated with increased pain sensitivity?

Back 72

low
this is one of the few genetic variations that could be a cause for different pain thresholds in people

Front 73

Chronic back pain is associated with decreased gray matter where?

Back 73

prefrontal (specifically dorsal lateral area) and thalamic gray density

Front 74

mu receptor antagonists reverse pleasure related analgesia. True or False?

Back 74

True

Front 75

Dynorphin provides positive or negative feedback to the bodies own neurons to produce dopamine?

Back 75

negative feedback
if you use exogenous drugs, dynorphin is activated and stops the body's own ability to make dopamine

Front 76

Aspects of maternal behavior have been shown to be mediated by ___

Back 76

oxytocin

Front 77

Is there increased expression for arginine vasopressin during partuition?

Back 77

Yes
increasing availabily of AVP promotes maternal behavior (even in virgins)

Front 78

Viewing one's own children will increase activation of the orbitalfrontal cortex and lead to increased production of ____ from the ventral tegmental area/nucleus accumbens

Back 78

dopamine

Front 79

Pups raised with mothers who were low lickers had greater or lesser methylation of the DNA promoter regions that transcribe glucocorticoid receptors?

Back 79

greater
but if you used an inhibitor of methylation the mice now display normal responses to stress

Front 80

What two hormones are implicated in pair bonding?

Back 80

Arginine vasopressin and oxytocin

Front 81

Which hormone increases trust and decreases anxiety? Also decreases the processing of negative emotions?

Back 81

oxytocin

Front 82

Upon administration of this hormone there is increase in gaze time to the eye region when viewing faces

Back 82

oxytocin

Front 83

Administration of vasopressin during the dictator game will lead to the person being more or less alturistic with their money?

Back 83

more alturistic, especially males

Front 84

What is the dark side of oxytocin?

Back 84

Makes people more likely to favor the in group rather than the out group

Front 85

Damage to the ventromedial frontal lobe promotes utilitarian thinking. Would you throw a person onto the track then if you had this lesion to save the other 5 people?

Back 85

Yes because takes emotions out of it, makes thinking quicker

Less processing time for moral decision making because emotions are absent

Front 86

Women have more prominent ____ hemispheres, while men have more prominent ___ hemisphers

Back 86

left
right

Front 87

Is there a male or female advantage in spatial orientation?

Back 87

male

Front 88

As people age, does performance on spatial orientation tasks increase or decrease?

Back 88

decrease

Front 89

When females have high estrogen levels their performance increases or decreases on cognitive tests?

Back 89

increases

Front 90

When females are in a good mood, do they perform better or worse on the spatial orientation test?

Back 90

worse

Front 91

Is the size of the corpus callosum important more in men or women?

Back 91

women

Front 92

higher activation of ____ amygdala means women remember the scene better

What about men?

Back 92

left amygdala = women
right amygdala = men

Front 93

men--> the right amygdala is related to functinal connectivity that attend to external environment instead of the internal environment

True or False?

Back 93

True

Front 94

For ventral medial prefrontal cortex damage, which side of the lesion would be bad for women? men?

Back 94

women- left
men- right

Front 95

Male brain gets masculinized by ____

Back 95

testosterone (IN UTERO)

Front 96

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia results from excess exposure to androgens in ____

Back 96

women
masculinzed women
less likely to show spatial orientation deficit

Front 97

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome occurs in ____ and leads to external ____ genitalia

Back 97

males
female

Front 98

Do men or women function better with schizophrenia?

Back 98

women

Front 99

Estradiol is only related to the reduction of positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 99

positive

Front 100

standard deviation of _____ predicts depressive symptoms if standard deviation is high

Back 100

estradiol

Front 101

Estrogen treatment decreases depressive symptoms. However, estrogen does nothing for depression if there are no hormonal transition happening. True or False?

Back 101

True

Front 102

Does early removal of ovaries increase or decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?

Back 102

increase

Front 103

Women show decline in hippocampal glucose metabolism with age. True or False?

Back 103

True

Front 104

___ protects against verbal memory declines following surgical menopause

Back 104

Estrogen therapy

Front 105

Development of more dendritic spines may be behind learning. True or False?

Back 105

True

Front 106

The basal forebrain produces a a large amount of ____ as NTs and is malfunctioning in Alzheimer's disease

Back 106

acetylcholine

Front 107

Is selective deficit in memory ability with relative sparing of other intellectual functional amnesia or dementia

Back 107

amnesia

Front 108

The medial temporal lobe is important in setting down new memories. True or False?

Back 108

True

Front 109

Is recovery from retrograde amnesia usually shorter or longer than post-traumatic amnesia?

Back 109

shorter

Front 110

A characteristic of ____ amnesia is rapid forgetting

Back 110

medial temporal

Front 111

___ deficiency can lead to Wernicke Korsikoff syndrome

Back 111

Thymine

Front 112

Predatory aggression is elicited in a cat via activation of the ____ hypothalamus

Back 112

lateral

Front 113

Defensive aggression is elicited in a cat via activation of the ____ hypothalamus

Back 113

medial

Front 114

One explanation for overly violent acts may be the lack of sufficient inhibition from the _____ cortex

Back 114

frontal

Front 115

An overactive ____ can lead to excessive defensive aggression. However an underactive ____ have been found in psychopaths

Back 115

amygdala

Front 116

Does vasopressin increase or decrease aggression?

Back 116

increase

Front 117

Does lithium increase or decrease violent behavior?

Back 117

decrease

Front 118

Does low seratonin promote aggression?

Back 118

yes, treatment with SSRIs have found reduced aggression in patients

Front 119

Violence and aggression can be pleasurable because there is release of ____ from the nucleus accumbens

Back 119

dopamine

Front 120

Is autonomic arousal seen in predatory aggression?

Back 120

no

Front 121

This part of the brain shows less activity in criminal psychpaths

Back 121

amygdala

Front 122

chlorpromazine is used to treat what condition?

Back 122

schizophrenia

Front 123

What abnormal brain features are found in schizophrenics?

Back 123

enlarged ventricles
less gray matter

Front 124

The reduced neuropil hypothesis has been used to explain what disease?

Back 124

schizophrenia, smaller cells, less dendritic spines

Front 125

Do schizophrenics show more or less activation of their frontal lobes compared to controls?

Back 125

less

Front 126

The GABA neurons that are implicated in schizophrenia are not limited in number, but have decreased expression of important genes that might impair the function of the cortex. What GABA neurons are these?

Back 126

parvalbumin neurons

Front 127

Do schizophrenics have more or less oligodendrocytes compared to controls?

Back 127

less

Front 128

Wernicke and later Kraepelin both postulated that auditory hallucinations were due to ______ lobe abnormalities

Back 128

temporal
a smaller temporal lobe predicts more hallucinations

Front 129

The odds of schizophrenia increased linearly with increasing number of hypoxia-associated obstetric complications. True or False

Back 129

True

Front 130

Reelin and its mRNA have been found to be reduced or increased in postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients?

Back 130

reduced

Front 131

Is schizophrenia associated with increased paternal age?

Back 131

Yes

Front 132

Amphetamines, which ____ dopamine at the synaptic cleft, can induce psychosis.

Back 132

increase

Front 133

What is the only effective therapeutic agent against schizophrenia?

Back 133

Dopamine antagonists

Front 134

Are hallucinations a positive or negative symptom of schizonphrenia?

Back 134

positive

Front 135

Does cerebral gray volume increase or decrease with schizophrenic patients?

Back 135

decrease

Front 136

What kind of structure is common to anti-psychotic drugs and a lot of dyes

Back 136

methylene blue

Front 137

Is cognitive dysfunction a diagnostic feature of schizophrenia?

Back 137

No

Front 138

One theory on schizophrenia suggests there is ___ regulation of the NMDA receptor

Back 138

downregulation

Front 139

Medications that modify the ___ site on the NMDA receptor have been reported to improve the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia

Back 139

glycine

Front 140

Is there increased or decreased oxidative stress in schizophrenia?

Back 140

increased

Front 141

The "late" model of ____ --> after birth, the brain has problems with pruning synapses or neuronal apoptosis and myelination processes

Back 141

schizophrenia

Front 142

The gene neuregulin may be disregulated in ____

Back 142

schizophrenia

Front 143

Is it true that maternal malnuturition increases risk of developing schizophrenia?

Back 143

True

Front 144

Are rural or urban people more likely to suffer from schizophrenia?

Back 144

urban

Front 145

About 25% of patients with schizophrenia have a condition called the ____ syndrome, defined by severe and persistent negative symptoms.

Back 145

deficit

Front 146

In Alzheimers disease plaques are found ___ neurons whereas tangles are found ___ neurons

Back 146

outside
inside

Front 147

There is marked reduction in glucose metabolism in a patient with AD compared with a healthy control. True or False?

Back 147

true
reduced activity in frontal and temporal lobes

Front 148

___ can impair the development of long-term potentiation (LTP) as well as the memory for a maze in rodents.

Back 148

A-beta amyloid plaques

Front 149

There is some indirect evidence that demethylation of the DNA sequence coding for β-secretase results in increased production of that enzyme. This could result in greater production of A-β and a faster progression of what disease?

Back 149

alzheimers

Front 150

Pittsburgh compound-B can be used to visualize what?

Back 150

beta-amyloid plaques

Front 151

Neurofibrillary tangles can result from hyperphosphorylation of ___ proteins

Back 151

Tau

Front 152

Tau protein is increased or decreased in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD

Back 152

increased

Front 153

Does antispychotics accelerate or decelerated the cognitive deficits seen in a person with Alzheimers?

Back 153

accelerate

Front 154

Does nerve growth factor help in decelerating the effects of Alzheimers?

Back 154

Yes

Front 155

Are you more or less likely to get Alzheimers if you have a higher education level?

Back 155

less likely

Front 156

α-Secretase is an enzyme that cuts the APP molecule in a manner that limits the production of β-amyloid and is enhanced in monkeys who were subject to what?

Back 156

caloric restriction

Front 157

Is Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) increased in Alzheimers?

Back 157

No

Front 158

Anti-Aβ antibodies is the goal of the vaccine for what disease?

Back 158

Alzheimers

Front 159

There must be cognitive deficits in ___ or more areas to be diagnosed with probable Alzheimers

Back 159

2

Front 160

Do older people have more or less CSF compared to younger adults?

Back 160

more

Front 161

ventricle to brain ratio increases or decreases as we age

Back 161

increases

Front 162

As we age brain volume increases or decreases?

Back 162

decreases

Front 163

If the type of mild cognitive impairment you have is amnestic, you are more likely to progress to what type of disease?

Back 163

alzheimers

Front 164

What percentage of patients with MCI progress to Alzheimers?

Back 164

10-15%

Front 165

Do we become more or less like our biological parents as we age in regards to intelligence?

Back 165

more

Front 166

Are people with higher IQ's more or less likely to develop PTSD?

Back 166

less likely

Front 167

Is the frontalparietal network recruited to solve difficult problems?

Back 167

yes

Front 168

The most significant finding was that it was not the absolute thickness of the gray matter that correlated best with intelligence, but rather the ____

Back 168

rate of change

Front 169

The best-known agents in improving performance are the ___ such as the amphetamines and methylphenidate.

Back 169

stimulants

Front 170

Mentally retarded children show deficits in ___ formation

Back 170

dendritic spine --> implicated in learning and memory

Front 171

There is increased activity for normal readers at two regions in the left hemisphere: a ____ region and a temporal/occipital region.

Back 171

frontal

Front 172

Creative individuals have ____ PFC blood flow, compared with less creative subjects

Back 172

greater

Front 173

___ inhibition is defined as an animal's unconscious capacity to screen out and ignore stimuli that are irrelevant.

Back 173

latent

Front 174

Individuals who have increased or reduced latent inhibition have been shown to be more creative?

Back 174

reduced

Front 175

When the inhibitions within the PFC were removed as the disease progressed the patient became more expressive in her art. Does this make sense?

Back 175

Yes

Front 176

Is dyslexia caused by a problem with the right hemisphere?

Back 176

No

Front 177

Crystallized intelligence evolved into verbal processing whereas fluid intelligence evolved into visuospacing processing. True or False?

Back 177

True

Front 178

Which, fluid or crystallized intelligence declines with age?

Back 178

fluid

Front 179

Is glucose consumption positively or negatively associated with IQ?

Back 179

negatively
intelligent people may use their neurons more efficiently

Front 180

A Dandy-Walker malformation leads to a deformed ____

Back 180

cerebellum

Front 181

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a ___ disorder

Back 181

demyelination

Front 182

Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion is used to test what?

Back 182

antibiotic potency

Front 183

Does the concentration of antibotic need to be higher for inhibitory or bacterialcidal effects?

Back 183

bacterialcidal

Front 184

Which part of the bacteria is most targeted by antibiotics?

Back 184

cell wall

Front 185

Vancomycin, penicillin, and cephlosporin target what part of bacterial synthesis?

Back 185

cell wall, therefore effective when the cell is dividing only

Front 186

Penicillin contains a ____ ring

Back 186

beta-lactam

Front 187

Are Cephalosporins more or less resistant to lactamases compared to penicillin

Back 187

more

Front 188

What type of antibiotic is Carbopenam?

Back 188

beta-lactam cell wall inhibitor

Front 189

Vancomycin binds to the crossbridge of ____

Back 189

peptidoglycan

Front 190

What types of antibiotics are thiolactmycin, isonaizid, and triclosan?

Back 190

prevent fatty acid biosynthesis, effective against mycolic acids such as mycobacterium

Front 191

How do macrolides act as antibotics?

Back 191

inhibit protein synthesis
50S subunit

Front 192

What subunit do tetracyclins inhibit on the bacterial ribosome?

Back 192

30S subunit

Front 193

Erythromycin is what class of antibiotic?

Back 193

macrolide

Front 194

Z-pack is a derivative of what antibiotic?

Back 194

erythomycin

Front 195

_____ form of seratonin gene conveys increased risk of developing depression

Back 195

Short

Front 196

Is high or low concentration of the NT seratonin associated with depression?

Back 196

low

Front 197

One can induce depression by restricting what amino acid?

Back 197

tryptophan

Front 198

Norepinephrine and dopamine are thought to be high or low in depression?

Back 198

low

Front 199

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder there is _____ gabanergic activity and ____ glumatatergic activity

Back 199

decreased
increased

Front 200

Is there increased or decreased dopaminergic activity in the manic phase of bipolar disorder?

Back 200

increased

Front 201

Can D2 antagonists be used to treat mania?

Back 201

yes

Front 202

Bipolar disorder is associated with __ calcium influx into cells

Back 202

increased

Front 203

Lithium inhibits what and is used to treat what disorder?

Back 203

Glycogen Synthase -3
used to treat bipolar disorder

Front 204

Panic is associated with ___ dysfunction

Back 204

GABA

Front 205

Obsession and general anxiety are associated with ____ dysfunction

Back 205

serotonin

Front 206

Anhedonia and psychomotor retardation is associated with ____ dysfunction

Back 206

dopamine

Front 207

Fatigue is caused by ____ dysfunction

Back 207

norepinephrine

Front 208

BDNF is increased or decreased in patients with depression?

Back 208

decreased

Front 209

There is increased BDNF expression when treating people with depression. True or False

Back 209

True

Front 210

Does stress impair or support neurogenesis?

Back 210

impair

Front 211

Does treatment with SSRI increase or decrease the amount of neural progenitor cells in the brain?

Back 211

increase

Front 212

Negative feedback mechanism with ____ can fail with chronic stress, leading to high levels of ACTH and cortisol

Back 212

cortisol

Front 213

Excess cortisol can be damaging to the ______, and _____ acts as a break on the HPA axis

Back 213

hippocampus
pts. with depression have been shown to have smaller hippocampuses

Front 214

Stress and glucocorticoids ___ the expression of BDNF

Back 214

suppress

Front 215

Are increases or decreases of inflammatory cytokines associated with depression?

Back 215

increases

Front 216

Interferon treatment can lead to depression. True or False

Back 216

True, supports inflammatory cause of depression

Front 217

For patients with depression, do they experience more or less REM sleep? what about slow wave sleep?

Back 217

more REM sleep
less slow wave sleep

Front 218

Do antidepressants increase or decrease REM sleep?

Back 218

decrease

Front 219

Do patients with depression show increased or decreased blow flow to the frontal lobe?

Back 219

decreased

Front 220

What is one explanation that depression could be a useful cognitive adaption?

Back 220

People with anhedonia are more likely to be able to tune out distracting stimuli

Front 221

Do smaller animals tend to sleep more or less?

Back 221

more

Front 222

The hippocampus is observed to be active during ___ sleep

Back 222

Non-REM

Front 223

Are cholinergic neurons more active during REM or non-REM sleep

Back 223

REM

Front 224

Is depression worse in the morning or at night?

Back 224

morning

Front 225

Hippocampal reactivation occurs during REM or non-REM sleep

Back 225

non-REM sleep

Front 226

Benzodiazephines are sensitizing to GABA and are used to treat people with sleep disorders. True or False?

Back 226

True

Front 227

Is there decreased REM latency in people who suffer from generalized anxiety?

Back 227

no

Front 228

Does muscle tone increase or decrease during REM sleep?

Back 228

decreases

Front 229

Is the ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus active at night?

Back 229

Yes, sleep inducing

Front 230

Under the influence of estrogen, mucus is thick or thin? Is it watery?

Back 230

thin
watery

Front 231

Where does decapacitation occurs where glycoproteins are added to sperm head?

Back 231

epididymis

Front 232

After ovulation there is arrest of egg in _____

Back 232

meoisis II

Front 233

Sperm must penetrate ___ cells and do so with ___

Back 233

cumulus cells
hyaluronan

Front 234

Sperm binds ___, undergoes acrosome reaction in and binds ____, becomes competent to penetrate ____

Back 234

ZP3, ZP2, zona pellucida

Front 235

Binding of sperm to the oolema leads to the production of the ____ and through this ______ sperm is able to enter oocyte

Back 235

fusion pore

Front 236

PLC are released by sperm, leads the production of IP3 and DAG from PIP2, IP3 releases calcium from endoplasmic reticulum, release of calcium induces cortical granule reaction. This hardens the ____ and it will become unpenetrable to other sperm

Back 236

zona pellucida

Front 237

Completion of meiosis II is brought on the the production of _____

Back 237

maturation promotion factor (MDF)

Front 238

In the blastocyst the inner cell mass leads to the ___, the outer cell mass leads to the production of the _____

Back 238

fetus
placenta

Front 239

____ are apical epithelial cellular protrusions of the endometrium of the uterus

Back 239

pinopods

Front 240

Day 5 post fertilization the embryo can be termed a ____

Back 240

blastocyst

Front 241

When there is implantation, there is production of hCG, will bind to ____ receptors, rescue corpus luteum, will continue to produce progesterone

Back 241

LH

Front 242

___ cells produced by the mother regulates invasion during implantation and inhibits migration of the implanting embryo

Back 242

Decidual

Front 243

Exchange of gases and nutrients between the fetus and the mother is occuring in the ____ space

Back 243

intervillous

Front 244

hCG is produced by what part of the embryo?

Back 244

syncytiotrophoblast

Front 245

What two hormones are made by the placenta?

Back 245

progesterone and estrogen

Front 246

11 Beta HSD Type 2 changes cortisol to ____

Back 246

cortisone

Front 247

_____ is specifically made during pregnancy (E3)--> weaker form of estrogen

Back 247

Estriol

Front 248

Human placental lactogen (hPL) is produced by the _____ and ___ mammary gland growth and development and increases fetal glucose availability

Back 248

syncytiotrophoblast
stimulates

Front 249

During early pregnancy is the mother's metabolism focused on anabolism or catabolism?

Back 249

anabolism
later in pregnancy becomes catabolic

Front 250

_____ and _____ contribute to metabolic changes, results in mother using less glucose, glucose is used for the needs of fetus

Back 250

Prolactin
human placental lactogen

Front 251

Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is one of the hormones that is a signal of what?

Back 251

Partuition

Front 252

____ stimulates the synthesis for surfactant which facilitates lung expansion

Back 252

Corticotrophin releasing hormone

Front 253

___ is a powerful uterine muscle stimulant

Back 253

Oxytocin

Front 254

____ is produced by corpus luteum and then by placenta, relaxes connective tissue for birth --> cervical dilatation

Back 254

Relaxin

Front 255

At term there is much more PR-__ than PR-___ type, increase in estrogen-receptor alpha at term, in pregnancy, ______ is suppressing the expression of estrogen receptors, leads to myometrial relaxation

Back 255

PR-A, PR-B
progesterone

Front 256

What hormone is more responsible for labor?

Back 256

estrogen

Front 257

Does progesterone lead to uterine relaxation or uterine contraction?

Back 257

uterine relaxation

Front 258

Does progesterone lead to cervical rigidity or cervical ripening?

Back 258

cervical rigidity

Front 259

The hormone ___ induces cervical ripening

Back 259

estrogen

Front 260

Mifepristone is a ____ receptor antagonist

Back 260

progesterone, therefore will lead to an abortion because progesterone maintains the endometrial wall after implantation

Front 261

Stimulus from suckling leads to decreased production of _____, this leads to increased production of ____

Back 261

dopamine
prolactin

Front 262

Breast feeding may be a way of contraception because breast feeding decreases the production of ____

Back 262

GnRH

Front 263

Are oxytocin receptors found in the optic chiasm?

Back 263

No

Front 264

Romantic love has a strong correlation with activity in the caudate nucleus. True or False?

Back 264

True

Front 265

Many of the androgen effects of the brain are triggered by estradiol. True or false?

Back 265

True

Front 266

Is the paraventricular nucleus sexually dimorphic?

Back 266

NO

Front 267

A smaller temporal lobe for a schizophrenic predicts more or less hallucinations?

Back 267

more

Front 268

Not doing well on the Wisconsin Card Sorter game suggests a defect where in the brain?

Back 268

frontal cortex