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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of simple learning?
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perceptual learning; motor learning; and stimulus response learning
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What is perceptual learning?
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identifying and categorizing
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What area of the brian is involved in Perceptual Learning?
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Sensory Association Cortex;
The actual area hasn’t been narrowed down. It’s a large area of the cerebral cortex. Basically everything that isn’t motor is involved |
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What is Motor Learning?
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skilled motor habits; e.g. bicycle; muscle movement not much thinking
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Where is motor learning located in the brian?
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Basal Ganglia
Premotor cortex |
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What learning starts out as stimulus response but becomes automatic?
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Motor learning
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A concert pianist as compared to a beginner pianist would have more activity in which part of his brian?
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Basal Ganglia
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What is Stimulus- Response Learning?
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Classical Conditioning; or instrumental conditioning
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Give a contrast between a conditioned stimulus vs. a non-conditioned one
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Unconditioned stimulus---> unconditioned stimulus
Food Salivation Conditioned Stimulus----> condition response Bells Salivation |
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Which part of the brain is involved with conditioned emotional responses
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The lateral Amygdala
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Where are most forms of classical conditioning found?
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Most are found in the cerebellum, where motor activity is involved
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What is Instrumental Conditioning?
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your behavior is important in getting the reward to stimulus; you have to be actively involved.
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Give some examples apparatuses used to demonstrate instrumental conditioning
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“Operate”
1. Mazes 2. Operant conditioning-> skinner box, reward for certain actions |
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Where in the brain is the reinforcement center for instrumental conditioning?
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Reinforcement in instrumental conditioning is found in medial forebrain bundle MFB; this pathway is made of axons
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Which neurotransmitters are involved in reinforcement?
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Dopamine
Dopamine- the NT for the reinforcement pathway, the end result of the pathway, it’s released as a neuromodulator |
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what is the DA/ Mesolimbic pathway
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Ventral Tegmental area ---- via MFB----> Nucleus Accumbens (n.m. DA)
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addictive drugs stimulate which pathway?
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DA pathway
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The DA pathway is stimulated by which; positive or negative reinforcement?
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Both positive and negative reinforcement stimulate this pathway
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Where does the Ventral Tegmental area have inputs from?
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The Ventral tegmental area, has inputs from the amygdala (emotion); the Lateral Hypothalamus (provides information about the stimulus); and the prefrontal cortex (cognitive information)
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There are areas of the brain if stimulated the animal will stop doing what they did and will avoid it. What kind of behavior does it cause?
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aversive behavior
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Which area of the brain has a positive correlation with learning?
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Basal ganglia; especially the caudate nucleus and putamen activity here positively correlated with rate of learning (high activity = learn faster)
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Short term memory
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Short Term Memory transient has limited capacity
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What keeps info in your short term memory before it gets into your long term memory?
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must rehearse something to keep it in your long term memory it will either be discarded or stay as working memory (limit is 30 days) this is in the prefrontal cortex
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Pathway from short term memory to long term
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Sensory information--> Short Term Memory (transient has limited capacity) in prefrontal cortex ---- consolidation----->LTM (long term memory) or “reference” memory
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What is the type of complex learning we learned about?
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Relational Learning
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What is relational learning?
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relations among stimuli (in space or time) e.g. spatial learning (how to get around a campus); episodic learning (an event; what happened who was there, what lead up to it), observational learning (learning by another’s mistake)
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How many numbers can you keep in your short term memory?
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Numbers 7 +or- 2 chunks
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How many words can you keep in your short term memory?
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Words 4 +or- 1 chunks
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how long does consolidation take?
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Initial consolidation takes about 30 min; finalized in about a week
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