Botany Lab Practical

Front 1

What are flowering plants that produce seeds (located in a fruit) during sexual reproduction?

Back 1

angiosperms

Front 2

What are cone bearing plants that produce seeds (not located in a fruit) during sexual reproduction?

Back 2

gymnosperms

Front 3

What are plants that lack seeds and release spores for DNA dispersal?

Back 3

ferns and mosses

Front 4

Describe anabaena and nostoc.

Back 4

prokaryotes: cyanobacteria

contain vegetative cells = non-specialized cells of cyanobacteria

contain heterocysts = specialized Nitrogen-fixing cells formed during Nitrogen starvation

contain akinetes = thick cell walls

Front 5

Describe spirogyra.

Back 5

eukaryote: algae

kingdom: protistia

lacks tissue, releases zoospores for DNA dispersal, moist soil or aquatic

contains:

cell wall

nucleus

chloroplast

pyrenoid (starch grains)

Front 6

Compare and contrast the observed eukaryote and prokaryotes.

Back 6

the eukaryote (spirogyra) is large and contains many organelles (nucleus, cell wall, chloroplast, pyrenoid), also contains DNA

the prokaryotes (anabaena ad nostoc) are small (barely visible) and much less complex

Front 7

Describe the asexual methods of plant propagation.

Back 7

cuttings: parts of a plant (stem, leaves) may be cut from an adult plant and forced to root and develop into a new plant

corm/bulb: buds that form on a stem may break off and grow into an adult plant

tissue culture: cells from an adult plant may be forced to grow into undifferentiated callus, callus may then be stimulated to form roots and shoots to grow into an adult plant

Front 8

Describe the sexual method of plant propagation.

Back 8

egg (ovary) + sperm (pollen grain) --> zygote --> embryo

Front 9

Why do seedlings need food reserves during seed germination?

Back 9

need energy rich molecules as a source of organic molecules (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) and energy

are undergoing heterotrophic nutrition

Front 10

When do seedlings exhibit autotrophic nutrition?

Back 10

once the seedling reaches sunlight they will form photosynthetic tissue (leaves)

Front 11

Where are the food reserves in a seed located?

Back 11

cotyledon or endosperm

Front 12

Describe the endosperm of an exalbuminous seed (legumes such as beans and peas).

Back 12

endosperm is sparse or absent

Front 13

Describe the endosperm of an albuminous seed (corn).

Back 13

endosperm abundant

Front 14

What does germination require?

Back 14

water

oxygen

optimum temperature

Front 15

What is the reducing agent during respiration?

Back 15

NADH

Front 16

What are thin-walled cells?

Back 16

parenchyma

Front 17

What are elongated cells with uneven wall thickness?

Back 17

colenchyma

Front 18

What are dead cells with very thick cell walls, fibers, and sclereids?

Back 18

sclerenchyma

Front 19

Describe an onion epidermal cell.

Back 19

contains:

oil droplets (glyoxysomes)

cytoplasm

nucleus (and nucleolus)

primary cell wall

Front 20

Describe potato parenchyma cells.

Back 20

contains:

amyloplast

cytoplasm

primary cell wall

Front 21

What creates the purple color of the potato parenchyma cells?

Back 21

iodine + starch

Front 22

Where are the orange pigments of tomato cells held?

Back 22

chromoplasts

Front 23

What stores secretions of a geranium leaf?

Back 23

cytoplasm

Front 24

List examples of a drupe.

Back 24

(stone fruit)

peach

plum

cherry

Front 25

List examples of a pome.

Back 25

apple

pear

Front 26

List examples of a berry.

Back 26

grape

tomato

banana

Front 27

Does a carrot have a tap root or fibrous root system?

Back 27

tap root

Front 28

What protects the meristem from damage?

Back 28

root cap

Front 29

What causes new cell formation?

Back 29

apical meristem

Front 30

What allows for anchorage and increases surface area for absorption?

Back 30

root hairs