Botany Lab Final

Front 1

These notecards start with page:

Back 1

31 of ferns, bryophytes not included!!

Front 2

Two types of spores:

Back 2

microspore and megaspore

Front 3

Where is the microspore produced and what does it give rise to ?

Back 3

produced in microsporangia,

gives rise to male gametophytes or microgametophyte.

same from megaspore just prefix mega

Front 4

the previous two types of spores are separated by what?

Back 4

function and sometimes size

Front 5

both types of spores are waht?

Back 5

unisexual and much smaller and more specialized than that of a homosporous plant

Front 6

in heterosporic plants the gametophytes develop where? and what is this called?

Back 6

within the spore wall, endosporic development

Front 7

in homosporous plants the gametophytes develop where and what is it called?

Back 7

outside the spore wall,
exosporic development

Front 8

Are the gametophytes of homosporous plants independant or dependant of the sporophyte for survival.

Back 8

independant... some are autotrophic and photosynthetic (sphenophytes and pteridophytes) where as some are heterotrophic and saprophytic.

Front 9

this independant gametophytes can also be what?

Back 9

dependant of endomycorrhizal fungal symbionts for nutrient and water uptake.

Front 10

Hetersporous gametophytes are for the most part what on sporophytes?

Back 10

dependant (parasitic) for survival and development.

Front 11

The smallest and least complex gametophytes are found in the :

Back 11

highly advanced angiosperms, phylum Anthophyta.

Front 12

Some species of ferns can reproduce by:

Back 12

agamospermy.

Front 13

Agamospermy in ferns results in:

Back 13

the production of sporophytes from gametophytes without egg formation or fertilization. These sporophytes are produced from vegetative cells , not gametes.

Front 14

two types of agamospermy:

Back 14

apogamy and apospory

Front 15

apogamy definition

Back 15

in ferns is the production of a sporophyte from a gametophyte without egg formation or fertilization. Sporophytes are simply produced from vegetative cells of the gametophytes.

Front 16

apospory defination

Back 16

in ferns is the production of a gametophyte from a sporophyte without meiosis or spore formation. Aposporic gametophytes produce sporophytes directly from unfertilized eggs.

Front 17

archesporial cell

Back 17

a 2n cell that gives rise to spore mother cells

Front 18

mitospores

Back 18

small spores, that can also develop into 2n in gametophytes

Front 19

extinct fern-type vascular plants:

Back 19

Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta and Trimerophytophyta - all small vascular plants that were simple in structure.

Front 20

progymnospermophyta

Back 20

ferns that underwent secondary growth. modern ferns only undergo primary growth.

Front 21

Extant phyla of ferns and fern allies:

Back 21

Pteridophyta (whisk ferns, true ferns, and horse tails.)
Lycopodiophyta (quillworts, resurrection plants, club mosses.)

Front 22

some ancient lycophytes were arborescent:

Back 22

tree like, and were some of the dominant plants during the Carboniferous period.

Front 23

major families of lycopodiophyta:

Back 23

1.lycopodiaceae
2. Selaginellaceae
3. Isoetaceae

Front 24

A. lycopodiaceae:

Back 24

club moss family; includes seven extant genera and about 400 species.

Front 25

B. Selaginellaceae

Back 25

resurrection plant family or selaginella family. one extant genus Selaginella with about 700 species

Front 26

C. Isoetaceae

Back 26

quillwort family; one extant genus Isoetes, with about 150 species. It is possibly the closet living relative to the tree lycophytes of the Carboniferous era.

Front 27

Pteridophyta:

Psilotophyta:

Back 27

whisk ferns: fish tank
lack roots and stems
both extant genera are epiphytes.

Front 28

Pteridophyta:

Sphenophyta:

Back 28

bamboo in a pot.

large. oldest extant genus of plants on earth.

Front 29

Pteridophyta

Pterophyta

Back 29

true ferns

fertile= brown specs

11,000 species.

tropical

2nd largest group of plants

epiphytic, aquatic, or terrestrial.

only primary growth

Front 30

sporocarps

Back 30

drought resistant bean shaped structures used for reproduction.

Front 31

fruits traditional view:

Back 31

ripened or mature ovary

Front 32

fruits modern view:

Back 32

fruit wall, acessory tissue, and any seeds in the case of parthenocarpy, the fruit only.

Front 33

how are fruits classified?

Back 33

the characteristics of the gynoecium and the relationships of one of the carpels to another, and there relationships to other floral parts.

Front 34

three major categories of fruits:

Back 34

simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple fruits

Front 35

simple fruits: two types

Back 35

simple unicarpellate ovary - consists of one carpel

compound or multicarpellate ovary - 2+ carpels

Front 36

aggregate fruits

Back 36

gynoecium of numerous unfused or separate carpels

Front 37

multiple fruits

Back 37

consists of and entire inflorescence of separate flowers and ovaries. the ovaries come together and fuse at maturity to form the fruit

Front 38

the fruit consists of several parts:

Back 38

1.pericarp (fruit wall)
2. accessory tissue
3. one or more seeds

Front 39

accessory fruits or false fruits:

Back 39

fruits without accessory tissue

Front 40

fruits function primarily in :

Back 40

dispersal and protection during development of the inclosed seeds

Front 41

mature fruits can be:

Back 41

dehiscent, indehiscent, dry, or fleshy

Front 42

what are the most advanced type of fruits?

Back 42

fleshy, indehiscent

Front 43

how are fleshy fruits generally dispersed?

Back 43

by animals

Front 44

What hormone governs the changes in a fruit?

Back 44

ethylene

Front 45

changes caused by ethylene

Back 45

1.color change
2.rise in sugar content
3.softening b/c of breakdown of pectic substances

Front 46

What is the fleshy appendage covering?

Back 46

aril

Front 47

what is an aril used for?

Back 47

attract animals

Front 48

When plants produce two or more types of fruits, its called?

Back 48

heterocarpy

Front 49

When plants produce fruit above and below ground, it is called?

Back 49

amphicarpy

Front 50

Some plant flower and produce fruit only once in there lifetime what is this called?

Back 50

monocarpic