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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms
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autotroph
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the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
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photosynthesis
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an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials
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heterotroph
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- the initial reactions in photosynthesis, which are triggered by the absorption of light by photosystems I and II and include the passage of electrons along the electron transport chains, the production of NADPH and oxygen gas, and the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis
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light reactions
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an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
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chloroplast
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a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
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thylakoid
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a stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast
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granum
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in plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast
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stroma
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a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color
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pigment
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a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates
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chlorophyll
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a class of pigments that are present mostly in plants and that aid in photosynthesis
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carotenoid
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in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis
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photosystem
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in chloroplasts, an acceptor of electrons lost from chlorophyll a; found in the thylakoid membrane
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primary electron acceptor-
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a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
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electron transport chain
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in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP
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chemiosmosis
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a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP
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Calvin cycle
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the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide, such as in photosynthesis
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carbon fixation-
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one of many openings in a leaf or a stem of a plant that enable gas exchange to occur
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stomata-
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a carbon-fixing process in which carbon dioxide is bound to a compound to form a four-carbon intermediate
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C4 pathway
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crassulacean acid metabolism, a biochemical pathway in certain plants in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic acids at night and released for fixation in the Calvin cycle during the day
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CAM pathway-
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the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide
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cellular respiration
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the three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis
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pyruvic acid
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an electron carrier molecule
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NADH
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describes a process that does not require oxygen
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anaerobic
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the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP; the part of respiration that is carried out in the presence of oxygen
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aerobic respiration
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the anaerobic breakdown of glucose pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP
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glycolysis
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized to NAD+ and reduced to NADH
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NAD+
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the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
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fermentation
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the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product
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lactic acid fermentation
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the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol
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alcoholic fermentation
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a unit of energy equal to 1,000 cal
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kilocalorie
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the fluid that is inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
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mitochondrial matrix
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acetyl coenzyme A, a compound that is synthesized by cells and that plays a major role in metabolism
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acetyl CoA
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a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy
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Krebs cycle
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a four-carbon compound of Krebs cycle that combines with acetyl CoA to form citric acid
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oxaloacetic acid
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a six-carbon compound formed in the Krebs cycle
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citric acid
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flavin adenine dinucleotide, a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions
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FAD
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