Bones & Skeletal System

Front 1

Skeletal Cartilage

Back 1

Made of a variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and functions.

Front 2

Hyaline Cartilages

Back 2

Look like frosted glass; provide support with flexibility and resilience
Most abundant
Fiber type in matrix is fine collagen

Front 3

Articular Cartriges

Back 3

Hyaline - cover ends of most bones at movable joints

Front 4

Costal Cartilages

Back 4

Hyaline - connects ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

Front 5

Respiratory Cartilage

Back 5

Form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce other respiratory passageways

Front 6

Nasal Cartilage

Back 6

support external nose

Front 7

Elastic Cartilage

Back 7

Resemble hyaline Cartilages but contain more stretchy elastic fibers and are better able to stand up to repeated bending. Only found in external ear and epiglottis.

Front 8

Fibrocartilages

Back 8

Roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers. Sites subject to pressure and stretch like knee and vertebrae

Front 9

Appositional Growth

Back 9

Cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage tissue

Front 10

Interstitial Growth

Back 10

Lacuna - bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

Front 11

Axial Skeleton

Back 11

forms long axis of the body and includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Front 12

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 12

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Front 13

Long Bones

Back 13

Longer than they are wide. All limb bones other than ankle wrist and patellar
3 bones in each finger are long

Front 14

Skeletal Cartilage Characteristics

Back 14

1) High water content
2) Thin; nonvascularized, not innervated
3) Surrounded by perichondrium (dense irregular tissue) which has bloody supply
4) Chondrocytes in lacunae
5) Extracellular matrix w/ ground substance and fibers

Front 15

3 Types of Skeletal Tissue

Back 15

1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrocartilages

Front 16

Calcification

Back 16

Calcium salts depositing into cartilage

Front 17

Short Bones

Back 17

Roughly cube shaped, bones of risks and ankles,

Front 18

Sesamoid Bones

Back 18

Special type of short bone formed in a tendon. vary in size and number differently in people

Front 19

Flat Bones

Back 19

thin, flattened, curved
sternum, scalpulae, ribs, most skull bones

Front 20

Irregular Bones

Back 20

Complicated shapes that fit none of other classes. Vertebrae and hip bones

Front 21

Functions of Bones

Back 21

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral and growth factor storage
5) Blood cell formation

Front 22

Projection

Back 22

bulges growing outwards from the bone surface. include heads, trochanters, spines, & others. Indications of stresses created by attached muscles and pulling or are modified surfaces where bones meet and form joints

Front 23

Depressions & Openings

Back 23

Fossae, sinuses, foramina, & grooves. Serve to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels

Front 24

Diaphysis

Back 24

shaft, forming axis of the bone

Front 25

Medullar Cavity

Back 25

marrow cavity

Front 26

Ephiyses

Back 26

bone ends

Front 27

epiphyseal plate

Back 27

disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

Front 28

Periosteum

Back 28

glistening white, double-layered membrane covers the external of bones. Provides anchoring point for tendons and ligaments

Front 29

Nutrient Foramina

Back 29

nutrient "openings"

Front 30

Endosteum

Back 30

covers internal bone surfaces. covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals that pass through compact bone

Front 31

Where is red marrow (hematopoietic tissue) found?

Back 31

Within trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bone and in the diploe of flat bones

Front 32

Bone marking serve as sites of what?

Back 32

Muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment; as join surfaces; or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Front 33

Bone Markings

Back 33

Projections - heads, trochanters, spines, & others.
Depressions - fossae, sinuses, foramina, & grooves.

Front 34

Which 5 major cell types populate bone tissue?

Back 34

Osteogenic Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Bone lining cells
Osteoclasts

Front 35

Osteogenic Cells

Back 35

mitotically active stem cells found in periosteum and endosteum. Squamous in growing bones. Some turn to Osteoblasts or bone lining cells if stimulated

Front 36

Osteoblasts

Back 36

Bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix. Actively mitotic.

Front 37

Bone Lining Cells

Back 37

Flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on. Help maintain matrix. May also be called periosteal or endosteal cells.

Front 38

Osteoclasts

Back 38

Giant, multi-nucleated cells located at sights of bone resorption. They break down bone and rest in the resorption bay with a ruffled border which increases the surface area for degrading the bone.

Front 39

Osteon

Back 39

structural unit of compact bone. (Haversian system)

Front 40

Lamella

Back 40

Lamellar bone. Hollow tubes of bone matrix making up compact bone

Front 41

Central Canal

Back 41

Haversian canal. Contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers running through core of osteon

Front 42

Perforating Canals

Back 42

Volkmann's canals. Secondary canals through osteon that lie at right angles to long axis of the bone and connect blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in central canals and the medullary Cavity

Front 43

Interstitial Lamella

Back 43

incomplete lamella. fill gaps between forming osteons or are the remnants of osteons cut during bone remodeling

Front 44

Circumferential Lamella

Back 44

extend entire circumference of the diaphysis and resist twisting of long bone