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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of bone is immature, present during fetal development and in early stages of bone repair, and has collagen fibers in a criss-cross pattern?
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woven
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What type of bone is mature with a parallel patten of collagen fibers?
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lamellar
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Which bones go through intramembraneous ossification? endochondral ossification?
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flat bones; long bones
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Where does endochondral ossification occur in immature bones? in developing bones?
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ossification centers, growth plates
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What is irregular in Chondrydysplasia that results in premature closure of growth plates and a decrease in the length of long bones?
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interstitial growth of cartilage
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What is the name of this disease: disproportionate dwarfism ?
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chondrodysplasia
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in which 3 cows is chondrodysplasia most common?
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Angus, Hereford, Dexter
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What happens to Dexter cattle with homozygous chondrodysplasia?
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abortion
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What are the 5 signs of chondrodysplasia?
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short vertebral column, micromelia, large head with small muzzle, protruding tongue, large abdominal hernia
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What are 3 types of chondrodysplastic dogs?
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dachshund, basset, pug
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Which 2 animals get cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy?
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horses, large dogs
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What is the name for localized skeletal dysplasia or DJD that affects the axial skeleton?
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Wobbler's Syndrome
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What is the common name of cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy?
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Wobbler Syndrome
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What does Wobbler Syndrome result in?
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cervical spinal cord compression
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Which form of cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy occurs when the neck is flexed? Which form occurs all the time?
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dynamic, static
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what is the cause of osteopetrosis?
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genitics
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What is the pathogenesis of osteopetrosis?
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osteoclasts do not reabsorb primary spongiosa
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What are the changes to the bone in osteopetrosis? 2
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increased BM density, no medullary spaces
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What is the other name of metaphyseal dysplasia?
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osteopetrosis
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What do affected animals present with when they have osteopetrosis? What are the bones prone to?
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aplastic anemia, fracture
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What is an autosomal recessive inherited condition of pigs?
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congenital cortical hyperostosis
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What are the 2 signs of congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs?
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swollen forelimbs, born dead or die within hours
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Why are the limbs swollen in congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs? 2
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excessive deposition of trabeculae, blockage of lymph
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What is the term for absence of a limb?
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amelia
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What is the term for absence of the distal half of a limb?
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hemimelia
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What is the term for supernumerary limbs?
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polymelia
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What is the term for abscense of the proximal portion of a limb?
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phocomelia
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What is the term for abnormally small or short limbs?
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micromelia
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What is the term for fusion of the digits?
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syndactylia
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What is the term for supernumerary digits?
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polydactylia
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What is the term for ventral deviation of the vertebral column?
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lordosis
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What is the term for dorsal deviation of the vertebral column?
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kyphosis
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What is the term for lateral deviation of the vertebral column?
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scoliosis
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What is the term for dorso-lateral decviation of the vertebral column?
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kyphoscoliosis
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Which animals get angular limb deformities? 2
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young animals, horses
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What is the origin of the deformity in angular limb deformities?
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asymmetric lesion in growth plate
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What does angular limb deformity look like?
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lateral or medial deviation distal to the growth plate
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What is the term for lateral? medial?
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valgus, varus
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What are the 6 causes of angular limb deformity?
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malposition in utero, joint laxity, hypothyroidism, trauma, malnutrition, impaired endochrondral ossification
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What is the synonym of "metabolic bone disease"?
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osteodystrophy
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What are osteodystrophies (disturbed bone growth) the result of? 2
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nutritional, hormonal
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What disease is characterized by the failure of production of bone matrix, its mineralization or its maintenance?
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osteodystrophy
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What are the 4 hormonal causes of osteodystrophies?
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parathyroid (PTH), Thyroid (calcitonin), gonads (estrogens), adrenal (corticosteroids)
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What are 3 toxins that can cause osteodystrophies?
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lead, fluroide, too much Vit A
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What are the 4 types of metabolic bone diseases?
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osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy
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What happens to the bones in osteoporosis?
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decrease in the amount of bone tissue
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What is seen grossly (on the bones) with osteoporosis?
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reduction in cortical bone thickness, decreased trabeculae
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What are the 3 etiologies of osteoporosis?
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nutritional, aging, disuse
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What are the 3 nutritional causes of osteoporosis?
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starvation, decreased Cu, decreased Vit C
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What is the pathogenesis of rickets/osteomalacia?
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defective calcification of osteoid and defective endochrodral ossification
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What are the 3 deficiencies that cause rickets?
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vit D, phosphorus, sunlight
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What are the gross lesions of ricketts? 3
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thick and wide growth plates, rachitic rosary, hemorrhage under cartilage
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What does widening of growth plates lead to?
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enlarged ends of long bones
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What is the term for the enlargement of costochondral junctions?
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rachitic rosary
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What cell is unmineralized osteoid resistant to in Osteomalacia? Where do the unmineralized bone cells accumulate?
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osteoclasts, bone
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What are the 3 signs of Osteomalacia?
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bone pain, fractures, deformities
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in which disease does collapse of articular surfaces occur?
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legg calve and osteomalacia
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How common is Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
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common
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What happens in Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
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bone resorption and replacement by fibrous CT and poorly mineralized immature bone
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What are the 2 causes of Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
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primary and secondary hyperpatathyroidism
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Which animals get Fibrous Osteodystrophy? 6
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horses, pigs, dogs, cats, reptiles, monkeys
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What is primary hyperparathyroidism Fibrous Osteodystrophy associated with? animal?
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parathyroid adenomas, dogs
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What are the 2 chemical panel signs of primary hyperparathyroidsim Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
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hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism
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What are these the 4 gross lesions of: FO, thyroid C-cell hyperplasia, hypercalcemia nephropathy, metastatic mineralization
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primary hyperparathyroidism Fibrous Osteodystrophy
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What is the basic mechanism of primary hyperparathyroidism of fibrous osteodystrophy?
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altering Ca:P ratio
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What does calcitonin do to calcium levels?
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decrease
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What are the 3 nutritional causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism caused Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
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deficiency in Ca or D, excess P
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What are horses fed to give them secondary hyperparathyroidism Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
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high grain diet
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What are the 2 causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism fibrous osteodystrophy?
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nutritional, renal
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What is renal secondary hyperparathyroidism caused fibrous osteodystrophy due to? which animals?
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increased P; dogs
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What does loss of glomerular function lead to that accounts for renal secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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inadequate synthesis of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D
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What are the 2 signs of Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
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rubber jaw, mobile teeth
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What are 3 things that cause toxic osteodystrophies?
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lead, fluoride, hypervitaminosis A
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What are the 3 steps to lead poisoning osteodystrophies in bone?
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bone lesions, increased density in metphysis, lead line
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Which animals get fluoride toxic osteodystrophies? sign in teeth? sign in bones?
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herbivores;
soft, brown teeth; periosteal hyperostosis |
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What 2 cells become sensitive to fluoride in toxic osteodystrophies?
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ameloblasts, odontroblasts
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What is the term for defective enamel and dentine?
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odontodystrophy
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Which animals get hypervitamonsis A toxic osteodystrophies?
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cats that eat livers
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What is the cause of cervical spondylosis?
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hyperviraminosis A
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Where is hypervitamonsis A toxic osteodystrophies common? 2
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Australia, Uruguay
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In which joints do cats affected with hypervitamonsis A toxic osteodystrophies get osteophyte formation? 3
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neck, shoulder, elbow
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What is the synonym of deforming cervical spondylosis?
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disseminating ankylosing osteoarthropathy
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What do osteocytes do?
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detect changes in bone and tell osteoclasts and osteoblasts
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What are 3 bone deformities seen in osteomalacia?
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kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
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What does lead interfere with in bones?
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osteoclastic activity
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What is the definition of osteosclerosis?
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increasing bone density
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What does osteosis mean?
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bone necrosis
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What do necrotic bones look like microscopically? grossly?
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loss of osteocytes from lacunae; paler
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What are the 2 outcomes of osteonecrosis?
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replacement, sequestrum
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What is the term for a piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining visible bone?
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sequestrum
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What is the term for the attempt to wall off a sequestrum that results in the formation of a layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone?
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involucrum
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Which animals get Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease? Age?
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small breed dogs, 4-8 months
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What is Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease the result of?
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bone ischemia
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What is the etiology of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease ?
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genetics
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In which disease does subchondral bone of the femoral head undergo necrosis resulting in collapse or flattening of the articular surface?
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Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
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What is the term for a bone fracture caused by the pull of a ligament/muscle tendon at its insertion into bone?
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avulsion
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What is the term for fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone? 2
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microfracture, infraction
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What are 4 complications associated with bone fractures?
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necrosis, nonunion, osteomyelitis, cachexia
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What is the term for false joint formation?
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pseudoarthrosis
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Which animals get osteomyelitis? What is it the result of?
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young farm animals, bacteremia or septicemia
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What is a common source of osteomyelitis in neonates?
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Omphalophlebitis
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Where is osteomyelitis located in piglets? most animals?
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vertebral bodies; long bones
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What are 2 bone diseases of unclear etiology?
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Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, Lion Jaw
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What is Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy/osteopathy called in humans? Which animals get this?
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Marie's Disease; dogs
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Why do limbs swell in Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy/osteopathy?
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hyperostosis in long bones
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What is the term for excessive bone growth
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hyperostosis
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Can Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy/osteopathy bone lesions regress?
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yes
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When is Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy/osteopathy occasionally observed? 3
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Rhabdomyosarcoma of bladder, ovarian tumors;
Intra-thoracic space-occupying mass |
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What is another term for Lion Jaw?
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Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy
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Which bones are affected in Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy?
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skull
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Which dogs get Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy? Age?
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Westies, 6 months
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Which type of bone tumors are more common (primary or secondary)? Which animals? Which animals get malignant tumors?
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primary, dogs, dogs
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What is the term for a benign bone tumor?
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Osteoma
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What is the term for a benign tumor in the skull that has local aggressive behavior?
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Ossifying fibroma
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What is the term for the most common primary bone tumor in dogs and cats?
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Osteosarcoma
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What is the term for benign multilobular neoplasms of the cartilage and flat bones?
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Chondroma
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What is the term for a malignant tumor that produces a cartilaginous matrix in flat bones?
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Chondrosarcoma
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In which bones is osteosarcoma seen?
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close to knee and away from elbow
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Which neoplasia accounts for 10% of primary bone tumors in the dog?
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chondrosarcoma
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