Blumenfeld Limbic

Front 1

4 basic fxs of limbic system

Back 1

olfaction, memory, emotion and drives, homeostatic fxs including autonomic and neuroendocrine control
HOME (homeostasis, olf, mem, emot)

Front 2

hippocampal formation

Back 2

buried w/in MTL, it is floor of temporal horn of lateral ventricle. has only 3 layers and is called archicortex (type of allocortex)

Front 3

amygdala

Back 3

nuclear complex in anteromedial TL, overlaps anterior hippocampus and is dorsal to the tip of temporal horn of lat vent. 3 nuclei- corticomedial, basolateral and central nuclei

Front 4

limbic inputs to BG

Back 4

arrive at ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens, relay info via ventral palladium to mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, which then projects to orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices.

Front 5

basal forebrain

Back 5

located ventral to striatum, major cholinergic output for cerebral cortex, consists of nucleus basalis, of Meynert, diagnonal band of broca, ventral palladium, preoptic area

Front 6

olfactory pathway

Back 6

olfactory nerves thru cribiform plate into olfactory bulb, which is part of olfactory sulcus, synapse onto mitral or tufted cells ->olfactory tract ->olfactory cortex->anterior olfactory nucleus. info fed back to both olfactory bulbs. unique in that it has no thalamic relay before receiving primary sensory info. olf tract also projects to amygdala and anterior perforated substance, anterior entorhinal cortex, orbital olfactory areas, MD of thal.

Front 7

parts of diencephalon responsible for memory processing

Back 7

MD and anterior nucleus of thalamus, mammilary bodies, other diencephalic nuclei lining 3rd ventricle

Front 8

structures in memory

Back 8

MTL structures (hippocampla formation, parahippo region), diencephalic structures, white matter network connecting regions across cortex, basal forebrain due to widespread cholinergic projections in cortex and MTL.

Front 9

3 components of hippocampal formation

Back 9

dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum

Front 10

3 layers of dentate gyrus

Back 10

molecular, granule cell, polymorphical layers

Front 11

input/output mtl memory system

Back 11

main hippo inout thru entorhinal cortex from assoc cortex in F, P-O and TL. much info relayed first thru perirhinal and perihippocampal cortex. processed further for mem storage. output from subiculum to entorhinal cortex and back to multimodal assoc cortex. fornix also major output path to dienceph and septal nuclei. hippo->subiculum->fornix and entorhinal cortex

Front 12

hippocampal commisure

Back 12

connects 2 hippocampi thru fornix

Front 13

fornix

Back 13

white matter structure that curves thru ventricular sys from hippo formation to dienceph and septal areas

Front 14

alveus

Back 14

WM layer on ventricular surface of hippocampus , form a discrete bundle called fimbria of the fornix, follows around crura and body of fornix, crosses over at hippo commisure. axons traveling in fornix go to: mammillary nuclei, lateral septal nucleus or anterior thalamic nucleus

Front 15

papez circuit

Back 15

subiculum -> fornix ->mammillary nuclei -> mammillothalamic tract -> anterior thalamic nucleus (this nucleus also has direct projections from fornix) -> internal capsule -> cingulate gyrus -> cingulate bundle (cingulum) -> parahippocampal gyrus -> entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, completing loop

Front 16

summarize memory pathways

Back 16

MTL communicates with assoc cortex thru bidirectional connections via entorhinal cortex. medial diencephalic memory sys communicate with MTL thru several pathwyas (fornix connects hippo w/ mammillary bodies and septal nuclei and anterior thalamic nucleus. other thalamic nuclei connects connects to MTL thru inferior thalamic peduncle

Front 17

long term potentiation

Back 17

found in perforant pathway-granule cell, mossy fiber-CA3 and Schaffer collateral-CA1 connections. high freq activity causes a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength b/w involved neurons. may allow synapses to perform an associative fx

Front 18

anatomical structures involved in storage of explicit memory:
less than 1 sec (registration)

Back 18

brainstem-diencephalic activating system, F-P assoc networ, unimodal and heteromodal cortices

Front 19

anatomical structures involved in storage of explicit memory:
seconds to minutes (working memory)

Back 19

frontal assoc cortex, specific uni and heteromodal cortices

Front 20

anatomical structures involved in storage of explicit memory:
minutes to years (consolidation)

Back 20

MTL structures, medial diencephalic structures, specific uni and heteromodal cortices

Front 21

anatomical structures involved in storage of explicit memory:
Years

Back 21

specific unimodal and heteromodal cortices

Front 22

ACommA rupture and memory loss

Back 22

damages basal forebrain, causing mem damage unclear if mem deficits due to basal forebrain damage, medial dienceph, FL or a combination

Front 23

transient global amnesia

Back 23

pts abruptly develop retrograde and anterograde amnesia w/ no obvious cause or other deficits, oft in settings of physical exertion or emotional stress, ask same quesitons over and over, lasts 4-12 hrs. pt fully recovers w/ loss of mem for hrs before and after onset. unknown etiology. bizarre features is perseverance, in which the victim of an attack faithfully and methodically repeats statements or questions, complete with profoundly identical intonation and gestures "as if a fragment of a sound track is being repeatedly rerun. may follow exertion or emotional event. may be left w/ aMCI or prefrontal mem dysfx.

Front 24

amygdala

Back 24

grp of nuclei in anterimedial TL, just dorsal to hippocampus and T horn. 3 main nuclei- corticomedial, basolateral, and central nuclei. has active role in 4 limbic fxs

Front 25

basolateral nucleus of amygdala

Back 25

largest, involoved in direct and indirect connections of amyg to cortical areas and basal forebrain and medial thalamus

Front 26

corticomedial nucleus of amygdala

Back 26

connected to olfactory areas and hypothalamus to regulate appetitive states

Front 27

central nucleus of amygdala

Back 27

connects to hypothalamus and brainstem and is important in autonomic control

Front 28

emotions and drives

Back 28

mediated by complex interaction b/w heteromodal assoc cortex, limbic cortex, amygdala, septal area, ventral striatum, hypothalamus, and BS autonomic and arousal pathways. amygdala attaches emotional signif to various stimuli perceived by assoc cortex. ablation of both amygdalas result in placid behavior.

Front 29

kluver-bucy syndrome

Back 29

studied in monkeys w/ b/l lesions to amygdala and adjacent TL structures- results in tame, nonaggressive behav / other behv changes. rare in humans

Front 30

septal area (septal nuclei)

Back 30

medial olfactory area, medial, lateral and posterior groups. no role in smell but in pleasure states in animals. part of brain that animals will repeatedly stimulate in lieu of food, active during orgasm and lesions here cause sham rage (sudden outbursts of aggressive behav)