Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
order of vessels which blood goes through |
heart arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins
|
|
3 layers of artery and vein walls |
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa |
|
the tunica intima in ARTERIES is made of |
fibers and endothelium |
|
tunica intima in veins is made of |
endothelium |
|
tunica media is made of |
smooth muscle |
|
tunica externa is made of |
connective tissue |
|
which has a thicker tunica media? |
arteries |
|
the endothelium in arteries looks very |
wrinkled |
|
what are in veins that prevent backflow |
valves |
|
smooth muscle in veins and arteries allows for |
vasoconstriction and vasodialation |
|
3 types of arteries |
elastic
muscular
arterioles |
|
elastic arteries |
have the largest diameter and oodles of elastic fibers in tunica media
expand during systole and constrict during diastole
*aorta, carotid, |
|
muscular arteries |
(the typical arteries)
tunica media has more smooth muscle
*brachial, radial, femoral
|
|
which type of artery is most numerous? |
muscular arteries |
|
arterioles |
important role in blood pressure |
|
which type of vessel is overall most abundant with the smallest diameter? |
capillaries
|
|
precapillary sphincter |
ring of smooth muscle at the entrance of capillary |
|
the site of substance exchange is at the |
capillaries |
|
3 types of capillaries |
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids |
|
continuous capillaries |
least leaky
most abundant capillary
*brain, skeletal muscle, lungs |
|
most abundant capillary |
continuous |
|
fenestrated capillaries |
lots of poked holes to be more permeable
*places that filter like kidneys and small intestine |
|
sinusoids |
large gaps between cells to allow RBC, proteins, and macrophages
*liver, bone marrow, and spleen |
|
capillary beds |
interconnected network of capillaries |
|
arteriovenous anastomoses |
direct connections of artery and vein, allows bypass of capillary beds |
|
vasomotion |
pulse like flow through capillaries due to contraction of sphincters |
|
veins travel |
back to the heart |
|
blood pressure is larger in |
arteries |
|
3 types of veins |
venules
medium sized veins
large veins |
|
venous valves |
prevent backflow |
|
which system contains the most blood? |
systemic |
|
even though the pressure is lower, the veins contain |
more blood than arteries |
|
venous reserve |
amount of blood that can be shifted to arteries (20%) |
|
anastomosis |
alternative direct connection between veins and arteries |
|
arterial anastomosis |
alternative pathways to supply blood to a region |
|
venous anastomosis |
alternative pathways to drain blood from a region |
|
blood flows from |
high to low pressure |
|
three types of cardiovascular pressures |
blood pressure
capillary hydrostatic pressure
venous pressure |
|
blood pressure |
systemic arterial pressure
**typical clinical way to measure BP |
|
capillary hydrostatic pressure |
blood pressure in systemic capillaries |
|
venous pressure |
pressure in systemic veins
|
|
which type of blood pressures is the highest? Lowest? |
Highest is arterial BP
Lowest is venous BP |
|
Total peripheral resistance |
factors that CV system needs to overcome in order to pump blood
|
|
Total peripheral resistance factors |
vessel length
vessel diameter
Blood viscosity |
|
the longer the vessel, what happens to TPR? |
TPR increases because it needs more pressure to send it a longer way |
|
the smaller the diameter of the blood vessel, what happens to TPR? |
smaller diameter, the greater the pressure needed to push it through the tighter space |
|
vasoconstriction does what to TPR? |
TPR increases. Need more force |
|
Vasodialation does what to TPR? |
TPR decreases. need less force |
|
viscosity has what effect on TPR? |
it increases to push the thickness through |
|
arterial BP is measured in |
mm Hg |
|
systolic pressure |
peak pressure during ventricular systole |
|
diastolic pressure |
lowest pressure during ventricular diastole |
|
pulse pressure |
difference between systolic and diastolic |
|
Mean arterial pressure |
average time that blood is in the arteries.
*diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
|
|
why is MAP closer to diastolic pressure? |
because the blood stays in the arteries for a longer average amount of time. |
|
MAP= |
diastolic + 1/3(systolic- diastolic) |
|
hypertension |
high BP |
|
hypotension |
low BP |
|
venous return |
volume of blood returning to the RA from the systemic veins
*difficult in lower extremities because of gravity |
|
biggest drop in pressure occurs where? |
arterioles |
|
ways to assist venous return |
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
valves in veins |
|
capillary exchange |
exchange of nutrients between interstitial tissues and capillary walls |
|
methods of capillary exchange |
diffusion
filtration
reabsorption |
|
which of the methods of capillary exchange, results from pressure changes? |
filtration and reabsorption |
|
process of filtration |
water and solutes are forced across wall into interstitial fluid by the CHP (blood pressure in capillaries) |
|
filtration causes a slight what?
|
loss of fluid from blood |
|
process of reabsorption |
takes interstitial fluid into the blood
*results in slight gain of fluid |
|
as blood circulates through the body, there is a slight net _______ of fluid |
loss due to filtration |
|
edema |
abnormal collection of interstitial fluid |
|
causes of edema |
-decreased plasma protein (liver disease)
-filtering of plasma proteins (kidney disease)
-increased CHP (venous blood clots or heart fail) |
|
autoregulation of blood flow |
ability of tissue to automatically adjust blood flow based on metabolic needs |
|
Neural regulation |
baroreceptors detect changes in BP and send signals to cardiac center in brain
Vasomotor center adjusts the TPR |
|
MAP= |
CO x TPR
Diastolic+1/3 (PP) |
|
Pulse pressure= |
systolic - diastolic |
|
where are the basoreceptors located? |
aortic arch and the carotid sinus |
|
what does the aortic arch monitor? |
systemic blood pressure |
|
what does the carotid sinus monitor? |
bp to the brain |
|
how is the medulla oblongotta involved in blood pressure? |
the baroreceptors send it signals of the cardiac and vasomotor centers |
|
the cardiac center in the med. ob. adjusts the |
cardiac output |
|
the vasomotor center in the med. ob. adjusts the |
tpr |
|
epinephrine |
increases CO by increasing hr and sv dialates in skeletal constricts in digestive
*SHORT TERM |
|
3 things that affect the bp |
CO TPR Blood volume |
|
ADH (antidiuretic horomone) |
|
|
atrial natriuetic horomone (ANP) |
|
|
when blood volume is high what happens to ADH? |
you need less of it |
|
when blood volume decreases what happens to ADH? |
ADH increases |
|
when blood volume is high what happens to ANP? |
ANP is released |
|
when blood volume is low what happens to ANP? |
it is not released , you need less of it |
|
angiotensin II |
|
|
when the BP in kidneys is low what happens? |
kidneys secrete renin renin turns into angiotensin 2 |
|
athletes have _________hearts and ___________stroke volumes and ________ heart rates |
larger hearts larger sv LOWER HR |
|
to solve short term BP problems: |
sympathetic stimulation is needed from hypothal and baroreceptors
|
|
to treat a long term problem restoration of blood volume |
it involves the kidneys and horomones |
|
4 arteries supply blood to brain |
RL internal carotid RL vertebral arteries |
|
in the lungs, blood vessels dialate where the Oxygen levels are_____ |
high |
|
in the lungs, vessels constrict when o2 levels are__________ |
low |
|
most cases of hypertension are caused by |
unknown causes |
|
drugs to treat hypertension |
|
|
what vessels is the umbillical cord made of ? |
2 arterites and 1 vein |
|
what is the source of o2 for the infant? |
the placenta |
|
the ulbillical arteries carry |
deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta |
|
the umbillical vein carries |
oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus |
|
foramen ovale |
opening in the walls of the atria allowing blood to bypass the ventricles and so it doesnt use the pulmonary circuit |
|
ductus arteriosus |
vessel between the pulm. trunk and aortic arch that allows the blood to bypass the pulm. circuit but any blood that gets into RV goes into the d. arteriosus |