Blood Review Portion Of Exam 1

Front 1

Name the two major components of blood and what are there average blood percentages?

Back 1

1) Plasma (55%)

2) Formed Elements (45%)

Front 2

What are the functions of blood?

Back 2

- Transport of dissolved substances

- Regulation of pH and ions

- Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites

- Defenses against toxins and pathogens

- Stabilization of body temperature

Front 3

What are the components of plasma?

Back 3

- Water (90%)

- Electrolytes

- Organic Wastes

- Organic Nutrients

- Plasma Proteins

Front 4

True or False.

Plasma proteins pass through capillary walls.

Back 4

False.

Plasma proteins do no pass through capillary walls.

Front 5

What are the plasma proteins?

Back 5

- Albumins (60%)

- Globulins (35%)

- Fibrinogen (4%)

Front 6

What are the salts/ ions in plasma?

Back 6

- Sodium

- Potassium

- Calcium

- Magnesium

- Chloride

- Bicarbonate

- Osmotic balance, pH buffering

Front 7

What are the three types of formed elements?

Back 7

- Erthrocytes (RBC)

- Leukocytes (WBC)

- Platelets

Front 8

What is the function of platelets?

Back 8

Platelets function in hemostasis (blood clot formation)

Front 9

What are examples of Leukocytes (WBC)?

Back 9

- Basophil

- Neutrophil

- Eosinophil

- Lymphocyte

- Monocyte

Front 10

What type of WBC is this? What is it's function?

Back 10

This is a Neutrophil. (50-70%)

Neutrophils, which circulate in the blood, are attracted by signals from infected tissues and then engulf and destroy the infecting pathogens.

They are the most abundant type of white blood cell. Neutrophils are phagocytic and tend to self destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.

They are the first to attack bacteria.

Front 11

What type of WBC is this? What is it's function?

Back 11

This is an Eosinophil (aka Acidophils)

Eosinophils, often found beneath mucosal surfaces, are important in defending against multicellular invaders, such as parasitic worms. Upon encountering such parasites, eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes.

Front 12

What type of WBC is this? What is it's function?

Back 12

This is a Basophil.

Basophils have numerous of granules that stain darkly with basic dyes. They migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in the damaged tissues. The granules contain histamine, which dilates blood vessels, and heparin, a compound that prevents blood clotting.

Front 13

What type of WBC is this? What is it's function?

Back 13

This is a Monocyte.

Monocytes are phagocytes similar to the free macrophages in other tissues.

Front 14

What type of WBC is this? What is it's function?

Back 14

This is a Lymphocyte.

These are cells of lymphatic system, providing defense against specific pathogens or debris.

Front 15

What are the three types of Lymphocyte?

Back 15

- T Cells

- B Cells

- Natural killer cells

Front 16

What are the blood types?

Back 16

- A (surface antigen A)

- B (surface antigen B)

- AB (antigens A and B)

- O (Neither A nor B)

- Rh

Front 17

What type of blood plasma antibodies do the various blood types have?

Back 17

- Type A has Type B antibodies

- Type B has Type A antibodies

- Type O has both A and B antibodies

- Type AB has neither A nor B antibodies.

Front 18

Review this

Back 18

Front 19

What is Rh Factor?

Back 19

- Also called D antigen

- Either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-)

- Only sensitized Rh- blood has anti-Rh antibodies

Front 20

What are the most numerous leukocytes?

Back 20

Neutrophils

Front 21

What are the actively phagocytic leukocytes?

Back 21

- Neutrophils

- Monocyte

Front 22

What are the agranulocytes?

Back 22

- Lymphocyte

- Monocytes

Front 23

What is the precursor cell of platelets?

Back 23

Megakaryocyte

Front 24

What releases histamine and promotes inflammation?

Back 24

Basophil

Front 25

What does the plasma protein Albumins do?

Back 25

Albumins constitute about 60% of the plasma proteins. As the most abundant plasma proteins, they are major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma.

Front 26

What does the plasma protein Globulins do?

Back 26

Globulins account for approximately 35% of the proteins in plasma. Important plasma globulins include antibodies and transport globulin.

Antibodies also called immunoglobulins, attack foreign proteins and pathogens. Transport globulins bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds.

Front 27

What does the plasma protein Fibrinogen do?

Back 27

Fibrinogen functions in clotting, and normally accounts for roughly 4% of plasma proteins. Under certain conditions, fibrinogen molecules interact, forming large, insoluble strands of fibrin that form the basic framework for a blood clot.

Front 28

What is hematocrit?

Back 28

Hematocrit is the percentage of formed elements in a sample of blood. The normal hematocrit, packed cell volume (PCV).

Front 29

What are myeloid?

Back 29

Myeloid stem cells divide to produce red blood cells and several class of white bloods cells.

Front 30

What are lymphoid?

Back 30

Lymphoid stem cells divide to produce the carious classes of lymphocytes.

Front 31

What is reticulocyte?

Back 31

In the stages of RBC maturation, once the erythroblast sheds its nucleus it becomes reticulocyte.

Front 32

Elaborate on the Maturation of Red Blood Cells.

Back 32

From Myleoid Stem cells we go to into PROERYTHROBLASTS and then proceed to ERYTHROBLASTS.

In between we have the RETICULOCYTE stage which happens four days within the stage of differentiation. The normoblast sheds its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte. After 24 hours they become RBC.

Front 33

What are the Granulocytes?

Back 33

- Neutrophils

- Eosinophils

- Basophils

Front 34

What are the hormones that regulate the formation of WBCs and RBCs?

Back 34

1) M-CSF

2) G-CSF

3) GM-CSF

4) Multi-CSF

Front 35

What does the hormone M-CSF do?

Back 35

M-CSF stimulates the production of monocytes.

Front 36

What does the hormone G-CSF do?

Back 36

G-CSF stimulates the production of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

Front 37

What does the hormone GM-CSF do?

Back 37

GM-CSF stimulates the production of both granulocytes and monocytes.

Front 38

What does the hormone Multi-CSF?

Back 38

Multi-CSF accelerates the production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs.

Front 39

In the presence of what hormone do Myeloid Stem Cells produce progenitor cells?

Back 39

Multi-CSF

Front 40

What hormone is needed for a progenitor cell to produce a Myeloblast? Ultimately, what are the cells that the myeloblast will make?

Back 40

In the presence of G-CSF will the progenitor cell make the Myeloblast. The Myeloblast will ultimately make the granulocytes which are the neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil.

Front 41

If a progenitor cell is exposed to the hormone M-CSF, what cell will arise? Ultimately what cell will it lead to?

Back 41

Exposed to the M-CSF, the progenitor cell will form a Monoblast. This monoblast will form a Monocyte.

Front 42

Which hemoglobin has the greater affinity for oxygen?

Back 42

- Embryonic hemoglobin has the greater attraction for oxygen

Front 43

What is the structure of a hemoglobin?

Back 43

Hb molecules have a complex quaternary structure. Each HB molecule has two alpha chains and two beta chains of polypeptides. Each chain is a globular protein subunit that resembles the myoglobin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.

Like myoglobin, each Hb chain contains a single molecule of heme (4 in total), a nonprotein pigment complex. Each heme unit holds an iron ion in such a way that the iron can interact with an oxygen molecule.

Front 44

When the iron on a heme molecule interacts with oxygen, what does it form?

Back 44

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Front 45

A hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen is called?

Back 45

- Deoxyhemoglobin

Front 46

What does carbaminohemoglobin do?

Back 46

It transports carbon dioxide.

Front 47

What is needed for oxygen transport in hemoglobin?

Back 47

Iron

Front 48

Where is iron absorbed?

Back 48

Iron is absorbed in upper small intestine. Absorption is increased by stomach acid and vitamin C.

Front 49

Where is iron lost?

Back 49

Iron is lost in the urine, feces, and menstrual fluid.

Front 50

What is erythropoiesis? Where does it occur?

Back 50

Erythropoiesis is red blood cell formation. It takes place ONLY in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue.

Front 51

What is hemostasis?

Back 51

Hemostasis is the stopping of bleeding. At the same time, it establishes a framework for tissue repairs.

Front 52

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

Back 52

Hemostasis has three phases:

1) Vascular Phase

2) Platelet Phase

3) Coagulation Phase

Front 53

What is the vascular phase of hemostasis?

Back 53

Cutting the wall of a blood vessel trigger a contraction in the smooth muscle fibers of the vessel wall. This local contraction of the vessel is a vascular spasm, which decreased the diameter of the vessel at the site of injury. Such a constriction can slow or even stop the loss of blood through the wall of a small vessel.

The vascular spasm lasts about 30 minutes, a period called the vascular phase.

Front 54

What is the platelet phase of hemostasis?

Back 54

The platelet phase of hemostasis begins with the attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces, to the basement membrane, to exposed collagen fibers, and to each other. As they become activated, platelets release a variety of chemicals that promote aggregation, vascular spasm, clotting, and vessel repair.

Front 55

Normal blood clotting depends on the presence of _________.

Back 55

Clotting factors or procoagulants.

Front 56

What is the different between the intrinsic pathway and the extrinsic pathway in the Coagulation Phase?

Back 56

The extrinsic pathway begins outside the bloodstream, in the vessel wall.

The intrinsic pathway begins inside the bloodstream, with the activation of a circulating proenzyme.

Front 57

What is a proenzyme?

Back 57

It is an inactivated enzyme.

Front 58

When does the extrinsic pathway begin?

Back 58

The extrinsic pathway begins when damaged endothelial cells or peripheral tissues release Factor-III, also known as tissue factor (TF). The greater the damage, the more tissue factor is released and the faster clotting takes place.

Front 59

In regards to the Extrinsic Pathway in the Coagulation Phase, initially what factor(s) does Factor-III combine with? What does it ultimately activate?

Back 59

Tissue factor (Factor-III) combines with Ca2+ and another clotting factor (Factor-VII or Proconvertin) to form an enzyme complex capable of activating Factor-X (Stuart-Prower factor).

Front 60

When does the intrinsic pathway begin in the coagulation phase?

Back 60

The intrinsic pathway begins with the activation of proenzymes (usually Factor-XII or Hageman Factor) exposed to collagen fibers at the injury site. This pathway proceeds with the assistance of PF-3, a platelet factor released by aggregating platelets. Afterwards, Factor-XI is activated and then Factor-IX. Activated Factor-IX in combination with Factor-VIII form an enzyme complex capable of activating Factor-X (Stuart-Prower Factor).

Front 61

What is the Common Pathway in the Coagulation Phase?

Back 61

The common pathway begins when enzyme complexes from either pathway activate Factor X. Activated Factor-X activates a complex called prothrombin activator. Prothrombin activator converts the proenzyme prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin. Thrombin then completes the clotting process by converting fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein, to insoluble strands of fibrin.

*in the intrinsic pathway, thrombin has a feedback capacity that propagates Factor-XI, Factor-VIII, Factor V.

Front 62

What is HDN and what blood types are involved?

Back 62

HDN is hemolytic disease of the newborn. The mother needs to be Rh- and the fetus needs to be Rh+.

Front 63

The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called?

Back 63

- Hemopoiesis

Front 64

The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called?

Back 64

- Diapedesis

Front 65

During hemoglobin metabolism, removal of the iron group results in a yellow pigmented substance called?

Back 65

- Bilirubin

Front 66

The average amount of hemoglobin in the blood of an adult female is?

Back 66

15-16 g/dl of blood