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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who discovered the red blood cells?
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Dutch draper Anton van Leeuwenhoek
ground teh lenses of his own microscope and was able to see detail that gave an accurate account of the size of RBC in 1674 |
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Who investigated the role of WBC?
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1771- hematologist William Hewson
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Who received the Nobel Prize for his research in 1930?
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Dr. Karl Landsteiner
Vienna, Austria |
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What did Dr. Karl Landsteiner do to receive the Nobel Prize?
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1900's, he divided human blood into three groups
A, B & O |
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What is blood?
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complex mixture of fluids, solutes and cells
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What does plasma consist of?
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91.5% water
7% proteins 1.5% other solutes such as salts, sugars, and gases. |
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Cells compromise about ___________ of blood volume with the remaining portion being plasma.
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45%
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What is blood serum?
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plasma without the clotting factors
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How do you prepare serum?
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blood is allowed to clot before centrifuging to remove both the cells and clotting proteins
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The total volume of blood averages _______ml per kilogram of body weight.
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71.4
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What is an Erythrocyte?
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Red Blood Cell (RBC)
most numerous and are red in color due to the hemoglobin within. |
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What is Hemoglobin?
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iron containing pigment complex which enables the blood to transport oxygen
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These are called platelets, and involved in blood clotting.
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Thrombocytes
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What is a Leukocyte?
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White Blood Cell (WBC)
-play vital role in body's defense against disease -phagocytic or involved in immune processes |
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What is hematology?
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The study of blood
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What determines blood type that are located on the surface of the erythrocyte?
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antigens or agglutinogens
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Where are the antibodies or agglutinins found?
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Plasma
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How are antibodies produced?
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-usually before its produced it needs to be exposed to a foreign antigen.
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How are antiboides produced other than being exposed to a foreign antigen?
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in the case of ABO blood groups, antibodies are genetically determined and are already present at birth.
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What is agglutination?
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clumping
shows evidence by a granular apprearance of the blood film on a slide. |
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Antibodies cause _________ of the erythrocytes carrying the corresponding antigen.
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agglutination
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How are ABO blood types determined?
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mising drops of blood with the Anti-A & Anti-B antisera
-these contain the a and b antiobodies |
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Does type O blood react to either antisera?
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NO, O has neither A nor B antigens
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How is blood type A determined?
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agglutination with only the Anti-A serum indicates the type A antigens
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How is blood type B determined?
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agglutinate in the presence of the Anti-B serum.
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How is blood type AB determined?
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agglutinate by both Anti-A and Anti-B antisera
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How is RH blood type determined?
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blood will be tested for only the presence of D (RHo) antigen
-most common of more than 40 Rh antigens |
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Rh _________ blood reacts with the anti-D serum.
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positive
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Approximately _____% of the Caucasian population is Rh+.
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85
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What percentage of the population are Rh- and why.
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15%
because their blood does not contain the Rho antigen and so it soes not react with teh antiserum. |
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Are you born with Rh antibodies?
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No, they are not present at birth.
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Whe are Rh antibodies produced?
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none will develop until blood is exposed to Rh+ antigens.
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Hemoglobin transports _____ from the lungs to the tissues and ______ from tissues to the lungs.
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oxygen; CO2
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What does hemoglobin consist of?
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conjugated protein consisting of a lipid porphyrin compound, containing iron, combined with a protein called globin.
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What is the heme in hemoglobin?
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-prophyrin compound
-composed of four pyrrole rings joined together with methane group -Iron is suspended in the middle of this molecule |
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What is globin of hemoglobin?
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-globulin type of protein
-four polypeptide chains -2 Alpha and 2 Beta, each comprimised of 150 amino acids -each of the chains wraps around a heme molecule |
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How is carbon dioxide carried?
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by the polypeptide chains rather than the heme.
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What is oxyhemoglobin?
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in the presence of abundant oxygen, hemoglobin reacting with oxygen
makes it bright red color |
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What was used in lab to estimate the amount of hemoglobin in a drop of blood?
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Tallquist Hemoglobin paper
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What is the average amount of hemoglobin, or normal is?
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15.6 grams / 100 mL blood
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What is the average amount of hemoglobin for males?
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14-16.5 g/100 ml of blood
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What is the average amount of hemoglobin in adult females?
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12 - 15 g/100ml of blood
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What is a hematocrit?
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percentage of cells in a volume of blood
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How is the hematocrit determined?
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sample of blood is centrifuged to pack the cells and seperate them from the plasma
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What is PCV?
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packed cell volume
usually considered equivalent to RBC volume |
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What is the normal range of hematocrit, or PCV, for males and females
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Males- 40-54% w/ a mean of 47%
Females- 37-47% w/ a mean of 42% |
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What is the classification if the hematocrit cells read below average?
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Anemia
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What is the classification if the cells read more than normal of the hematocrit average?
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Polycythemia
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What is hemostasis?
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blood clotting or coagulation
term for the mechanisms involved in the prevention of blood loss |
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What is hermorrhage?
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blood loss reduced where the clot lugs the vessels at the injury
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What was used to clean up after the blood lab excersice
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10% bleach solution
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What tube was used in centrifuging our blood?
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Heparnized hematocrit tube
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What were the three serums used on our blood test card?
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Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D
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How did we determine our coagulation time?
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Put a drop of blood on the top right corner and started timing until we could pull strands of fibrin out with a toothpick.
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To enhance the visibility of all cells, what stain is used?
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diifferential stain such as Wright's stain, a mix of dyes
-impoves visibility of RBC -stains the cytoplasm of various leucocytes different colors |
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What is a hemocytometer?
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special counting slide
determine WBC and RBC count (diluting the blood w/ diluting chambers and using slide) |
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The normal range for RBC count in males and females are?
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M~4.8-6 million cells per cubic millimeter
F~4.1 - 5.1 million cells per cubic millimeter |
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What is the normal white cell count?
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5,000-9,000 WBCs per cubic millimeter
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A low count of white cells are termed as _____________.
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Leucopenia
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A high count of white cells are termed as ___________.
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Leucocytosis
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These are called macrophages in the tissues!
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Monocyte
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What releases histamine during allergic reactions?
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Basophil
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An elevated count often indicates a parasitic infection?
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Eosinophil
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These are known to be active in the process of immunity, some are called B cells.
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Lymphocyte
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Responds to pus forming infections.
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Neutrophil
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Involved in initiating blood clotting.
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Platelet
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What is the least common type of WBC?
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Basophil
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These are formed in lymphoid tissues.
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Lymphocyte
Monocyte |
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What are the granular Leucocytes?
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Neutrophil
Eosinophil Basophil |
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Source of platelets in the marrow.
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Megakaryocyte
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Most abundant WBC with a 3-5 lobed nucleus
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Neutorphil
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Contains hemoglobin
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Erythrocyte
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What formula was used in lab to figure our hemoglobin value?
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-one third the hematocrit value
hematocrit value/3 = ____ g/100ml |
