Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
The two principles of blood grouping |
1. plasma never has antibodies against antigens on own RBCs 2. plasma has antibodies against A or B if they are not on its own RBC |
|
|
|
How is anaemia classified? |
1. aetiology. (stem cell dysfunction, altered haemoglobin synthesis (eg thalassaemia) 2. morphology. RBC size (cytic) and haemoglobin content (chromic) |
ate morp |
|
|
Megaloblastic anaemia: |
macrocytic normochromic. defective DNA synthesis due to a lack of B12 or folate. |
B12/folate |
|
|
Pernicious anaemia: |
a form of megaloblastic anaemia: 1. dysfunction in parietal cells (due to congenital, autoimmune mucosal atrophy, vegan) 2. leading to lack of intrinsic factor which is needed for B12 absorption. Dx: Schilling test: urinary excretion of B12. serology of ab.s against parietal cells. gastric biopsy: lack of HCl. |
intrinsic factor |
|
|
Iron deficiency anaemia |
1. microcytic, hypochromic. 2. iron essential componant of haemoglobin |
|
|
|
Aplastic anaemia |
pancytopaenia: suppression of bone marrow. |
bone marrow |
|
|
Haemolytic anaemia |
1.premature RBC destruction 2. acquired: autoimmune, drug induced, hereditary. |
prem. |
|
|
Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (ALL) |
- Philadelphia chromosome: genetic abnormality in 2 different oncoproteins (abl, bcr). - increased tyrosine kinase receptor activity, uncontrolled proliferation and division. 1.abnormal proliferation of lymphoblasts -accumulates and clogs in the bone marrow. 2. Proliferation of other cell lines stops. 3. leukaemic ells released and accumulate in blood, spleen, liver, lymph nodes. |
Philly. TK. clogged bone marrow. |
|
|
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) |
1. Malignant transformation and accumulation of monoclonal B lymphocytes (naive) 2. can't mature into plasma cells (effector cells) |
monoclonal |
|
|
Multiple Myeloma |
1. Malignancy of plasma (effector B) cells (responsible for producing ab). 2. secretion of defective immunoglobulin (paraprotein) that infiltrates organs, clogs up kidneys 3. transformed differentiated plasma cells migrate to bone marrow: altered receptor activity leads to bone lesions, erosion, pathological fractures. Dx: paraprotein in urine, radiography for boney lesions, marrow biopsy. |
paraprotein |
|
|
Lymphoma (Non/Hodgkin) |
1. viral mechanism/genetic mutations 2. balls of tumour, starts in single lymph node. Primary (thymus) or secondary (lymph, spleen, tonsils) 3. Hodgkin: Reed Steinberg cells associated with release of cytokines. 4. Mediastinal mass, enlarged glands. |
balls. med mass. |
|
|
Cotswald staging |
used for hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphomas, based on radiological findings. |
delta goodrem |
|
|
Paraprotein? |
Found in multiple myeloma. A defective immunoglobin released by malignant plasma cells. |
MM |
|
|
Bortezomib |
a cytotoxic agent: inhibits proteases, altering protein activity and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. |
apop |
