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760 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Question
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Answer
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THE AVERAGE YOUNG ADULT HAS HOW MUCH 'BLOOD'? (*VOLUME)
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6 LITERS
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'BLOOD' is separated into 2 different components. What are the 2 components?
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"1. CELLS
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2. PLASMA"
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What 3 types of 'CELLS' are found in 'BLOOD' composition?
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"1. ERYTHROCYTES
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3. THROMBOCYTES"
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
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RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR 'LEUKOCYTES'?
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR 'THROMBOCYTES'?
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PLATELETS
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What percentages does each make up of the 'PLASMA'?"
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"1. WATER (90-92%)
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2. SOLIDS (7-9%)"
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What are the 5 functions of 'BLOOD'?
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"1. CARRIAGE OF O2 TO CELLS
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5. REGULATE ACID/BASE BALANCE"
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In the 'SOLUTE' portion of the 'PLASMA' in blood there are 4 major substances. What are they?
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"1. PROTEINS (7%)
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4. GLUCOSE"
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What 'PROTEIN' is found in the most abundance in blood plasma?
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ALBUMIN
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'ALBUMIN' accounts for what percentage of the total amount of 'protein' found in blood plasma?
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ALBUMIN = 55% OF 'BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN' CONCENTATION
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What is considered to be the 'NORMAL' hematocrit?
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45% = NORMAL
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What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for males?
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42-48% = MALES
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What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for females?
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38-44% = FEMALES
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When blood is placed in centrifuge and spun down, there are 2 different sections. What is the 'BOTTOM' portion referred to as and what is the 'TOP' portion referred to as?
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"FORMED ELEMENTS = 'BOTTOM'
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PLASMA = 'TOP'"
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'PLASMA' minus the 'coagulation factors' is referred to as what?
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SERUM
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What causes a sample of blood to clot?
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COAGULATION FACTORS / CLOTTING FACTORS
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What is the ratio of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' to other 'BLOOD CELLS'?
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500:01:00
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There are many organic/inorganic substances that are dissolved in blood. What are 9 examples of these?
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"1. PROTEINS
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9. WASTE PRODUCTS"
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'PLASMA PROTEINS' can be separated into 4 basic groups. What are the 4 basic groups?
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"1. ALBUMIN
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4. OTHERS (ENZYMES/HORMONES)"
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WHERE ARE THE 'ALPHA/BETA' GLOBULINS FORMED?
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IN THE LIVER
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What is a important characteristic of this protein?"
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"OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION
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IS THE 'SMALLEST' MOST 'ABUNDANT' PLASMA PROTEIN"
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How do they work?"
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"CARRIER VEHICLES
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PREVENT SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD FROM LEAVING THE CAPILLARY TOO QUICKLY."
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What 2 types of this are possible?"
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"ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
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2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY"
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Where are 'GAMMA GLOBULINS' formed?
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IN LYMPHOID TISSUES
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What does it produce?"
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"1. TISSUES/CELLS CAPABLE OF 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'
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2. FORMS ANTIBODIES (IMMUNE RESPONSE) TO BACTERIA"
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'CELLS' connected to the 'RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL' system can be found in 4 different places in the human body. What are the 4 places?
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"1. BONE MARROW
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4. LYMPH NODES"
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What are the 4 characteristics of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
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"1. NO NUCLEUS
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5. DO NOT SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS"
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What are the 2 functions of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
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"1. TRANSPORT HEMOGLOBIN
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2. PARTICIPATE IN CO2 TRANSPORT"
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'MALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
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5.5 million/mm^3
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'FEMALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
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4.5 million/mm^3 = FEMALES
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Under what conditions will there be an 'INCREASE' of 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
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"1. ALTITUDE
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4. AGE - HIGHER IN INFANTS"
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The synthesis of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
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ERYTHROPOIESIS
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The synthesis of 'ALL BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
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HEMATOPOIESIS
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- ADULT"
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"1. EARLY EMBRYO = YOLK SAC
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3. ADULT = BONE MARROW, VERTEBRAE, RIBS, STERNUM"
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(*There are 5 steps)"
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"1. STEM CELL
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5. ERYTHROCYTE (MATURE RBC)"
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Why?"
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"RETICULOCYTE
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Cell leaves marrow and enters blood-stream 'W/OUT' a 'NUCLEUS'"
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Between what 2 processes does the 'RED BLOOD CELL' lose its nucleus?
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NORMOBLAST -> RETICULOCYTE
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Without this 'hormone' red blood will not forms and 'stem cells' will NOT be stimulated.
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ERYTHROPOIETIN
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(*THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES)"
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"1. HEMORRHAGE
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4. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY"
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If the 'OXYGEN' delivery to certain cells of the kidney decreases, what is secreted and from what organ?
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"ERYTHROPOIETIN = SECRETED
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(*STARTS 'ERYTHROPOIESIS')"
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'ERYTHROPOIETIN' (EPO) goes into the blood and stimulates what to become what. Where does this 'generally' occur?
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"STIMULATES 'STEM CELLS' to become 'PROERYTHROBLASTS'
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GENERALLY OCCURS IN 'BONE MARROW'"
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There are 3 other uncommon factors that help regulate 'RED BLOOD CELL' production. What are they?
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"1. COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS
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3. STEM CELL FACTORS"
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It takes approximately how many days for (RBCs) to increase after 'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is stimulated?
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5 DAYS
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'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is part of the group of 'CYTOKINES' called what?
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HEMATOPOEITIC GROWTH FACTORS (HGFs)
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What is 'BLOOD DOPING'?
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"SEPARATING 'RED BLOOD CELLS' AND STORING THEM FOR A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF TIME.
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RE-INJECTING THE 'RED BLOOD CELLS' TO CAUSE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT. THIS CAUSES INCREASED 'ENDURANCE' / 'OXYGEN' CARRYING CAPACITY."
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What might happen with an abnormally 'HIGH' hematocrit due to 'BLOOD DOPING'?
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"BLOOD BECOMES 'SLUGGISH' AND 'THICK'.
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HEART HAS TO WORK HARDER FOR IT TO MOVE THROUGH BODY. INCREASED CHANGE OF HEART ATTACK."
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How do (RBCs) become 'worn out'?
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THROUGH WEAR/TEAR OF PASSING THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS.
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Approximately how many 'RED BLOOD CELLS' (RBCs) are 'destroyed' each second?
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~2,500,000 RED BLOOD CELLS / SECOND
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What is 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
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Substance the can 'reversibly' bind to 'OXYGEN'
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Approximately how many molecules of 'HEMOGLOBIN' are there per 'RED BLOOD CELL'?
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200 MILLION HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES / RED BLOOD CELL
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'HEMOGLOBIN' consists of 2 parts. What are the 2 parts?
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"1. GLOBIN (4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS)
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2. HEME (Fe++ w/ PORPHYRIN)"
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What is it made of?"
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"PROTEIN
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MADE OF 4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS. (2 ALPHA CHAINS AND 2 BETA CHAINS)"
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4 DISK-SHAPED MOLECULES ARE WHAT MAKE UP THIS COMPOUND.
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'HEME' IN HEMO-GLOBIN
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Each 'HEME' has what molecule in the center?
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IRON
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When 'IRON' (Fe++) is combined with 'PORPHYRIN', what is the result?
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A 'HEME' GROUP
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How many 'PEPTIDE' bonds does a 'HEME' molecule have?
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4 PEPTIDE BONDS
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By 'WEIGHT', what percentage of a RBC is ade of Hb (HEMOGLOBIN)?
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34% of RBC = HEMOGLOBIN
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In 100 ml of 'BLOOD' there are approximately how many 'GRAMS' of 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
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15 GRAMS
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What amount of 'OXYGEN' in 'ml' will combine on a 'per gram' basis with 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
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1.34 ml OXYGEN / 1g Hb
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Does it change? If so, when?"
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"HEMOGLOBIN that is 'SATURATED' with O2 (OXYGEN)
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COLOR = PURPLE-BLUE (W/OUT OXYGEN)"
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Which one does 'COMPETE' for the OXYGEN binding Hb spot?"
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"1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
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CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) 'DOES' COMPETE FOR THE SAME 'OXYGEN' (O2) BINDING SPOT."
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Why is 'CARBON MONOXIDE' such a dangerous gas?
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"BECAUSE IT 'COMPETES' FOR THE SAME LOCATION 'OXYGEN' BINDS TO ON 'HEMOGLOBIN'
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HAS 200X AFFINITY FOR Hb THAN OXYGEN"
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When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE), what is the molecule called?
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CARBAMINO HEMOGLOBIN
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When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO (CARBON MONOXIDE), what is the molecule called?
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CARBOXY HEMOGLOBIN
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This molecule has '200x' the affinity for 'HEMOGLOBIN' (Hb) than 'OXYGEN' does.
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CARBON MONOXIDE
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The 4 'POLYPEPTIDE' chains formed on the globin protein in a 'HEMOGLOBIN' molecule can NOT be re-used again."
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"FALSE
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(*HUMAN BODY IS EFFICIENT)"
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What happens to 'HEMOGLOBIN' when RBCs are worn out and destroyed? What is this referred to as?
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CATABOLISM (BREAKDOWN) OF HEMOGLOBIN
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When 'HEMOGLOBIN' (Hb) is 'catabolized' or broken down. There are 4 steps that occur for a complete breakdown. What are they?
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"1. Hb goes to (HEME + GLOBIN)
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4. IRON in the PORPHYRIN is 'REDUCED'"
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(*THERE ARE 2 STEPS)"
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"1. IRON IS REMOVED FROM CENTER
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2. RING STRUCTURE CHANGES TO CHAIN STRUCTURE CALLED 'BILIVERDIN'"
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What is 'BILIVERDIN' a result of?
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RESULT FROM THE BREAKDOWN (CATABOLISM) OF A 'HEME' GROUP DUE TO 'HEMOGLOBIN'/'RBC' DESTRUCTION.
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'BILIVERDIN' is converted to what molecule when it is being broken down by the body?
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BILIRUBIN (YELLOW COLOR)
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What is 'BILIVERDIN'?
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THE BY-PRODUCT OF THE 'CATABOLISM' OF THE 'HEME' GROUP FROM A 'HEMOGLOBIN' MOLECULE THAT HAS BEEN DESTROYED.
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(*3 STEPS)"
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"1. HEMOGLOBIN -> HEME + GLOBIN
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3. PORPHYRIN -> BILIVERDIN -> BILIRUBIN -> SECRETED FROM BODY"
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Where is 'BILIRUBIN' delivered to?
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LIVER
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After 'BILIRUBIN' has been delivered to the 'LIVER', what is its function?
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EXCRETED FROM LIVER WITH 'BILE'
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'BILIRUBIN', once in the 'LIVER' and secreted with 'BILE' has 2 options/pathways. What are they?
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"1. EXCRETION VIA 'FECES'
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2. EXCRETION VIA 'URINE'"
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What do 'FECES' and 'URINE' owe their normal 'brown/yellowish' color to?
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BILIRUBIN PRODUCTS
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When 'BILIRUBIN' is excreted in the form of 'FECES' what is it called?
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STERCOBILIN
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When 'BILIRUBIN' is reabsorbed back into the blood, delivered to 'KIDNEYS' and excreted in the form of 'URINE' what is it called?
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UROBILIN
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What is it called when the 'YELLOWISH' colored 'BILIRUBIN' accumlates in the blood to an abnormally 'HIGH' degree?
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"JAUNDICE (HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA)
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HIGH BLOOD BILIRUBIN LEVELS"
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There are 3 causes of 'JAUNDICE', what are they?
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"1. LIVER DISEASE
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3. BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION"
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What is 'ANEMIA' defined as?
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ANY CONDITION THAT RESULTS IN A 'DECREASED' OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD.
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There are 2 main 'CAUSES' of 'ANEMIA', what are they?
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"1. DECREASED NUMBER OF RBCs
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2. DECREASED HEMOGLOBIN/CELL"
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What are the 3 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ANEMIA'?
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"1. PALE SKIN COLOR
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3. RAPID HEART RATE"
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Why do 'NEWBORN BABIES' develop 'JAUNDICE' more commonly than adults?
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"BABIES HAVE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT WHEN BORN.
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INCREASED RBC DESTRUCTION CAUSES 'HIGH' BILIRUBIN LEVELS"
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'BABIES' develop a 'BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER' at a very young age."
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"FALSE
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'BABIES' do 'NOT' have a well developed 'BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER' until they are much older."
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What are the 4 basic 'TYPES' of 'ANEMIA'?
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"1. HEMORRHAGIC
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4. HEMOLYTIC"
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What is 'HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA' defined as?
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'ANEMIA' DUE TO BLOOD LOSS
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What is 'APLASTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
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"'ANEMIA' DUE TO BONE MARROW DESTRUCTION
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(*LEAST COMMON)"
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(*THERE ARE 4)"
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"1. CANCER
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4. SOME DRUGS"
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What 2 'SUB-GROUPS' are included in this type of 'ANEMIA'?"
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"ANEMIA DUE TO A 'LACK' OF VITAMINS/PROTEINS IN THE BODY.
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(IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA)"
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What 'PROTEIN' is 'IRON' bound to in the body? What does it serve as?
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"IRON IS BOUND TO 'FERRITIN' PROTEIN
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SERVES AS BUFFER TO FIGHT AGAINST 'IRON DEFICIENCY'"
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What is considered to be the 'MOST COMMON' type of 'ANEMIA'?
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NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
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What is the definition of 'FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA'? What specific type of 'ANEMIA' does this fall under?
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"NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
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WITHOUT 'FOLIC ACID', CELL DIVISION IMPAIRMENT OCCURS. IMPACTS GREATER ON 'RBC' PRODUCTION"
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What is 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA'? What type of 'ANEMIA' is this considered to be?
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"NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
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FAILURE OF VITAMIN B12 TO BE 'ABSORBED' FROM THE G-I TRACT."
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What is the process in which 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA' occurs?
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PARIETAL CELLS -> INTRINSIC FACTOR -> VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION -> MITOSIS (RBC) PRODUCTION
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What is 'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
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RBC DESTRUCTION
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What are 3 causes of 'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA'?
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"1. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
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4. SICKEL CELL ANEMIA"
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What happens in 'SICKEL CELL ANEMIA'?
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"THE #6 'AMINO ACID' IS SUBSTITUTED.
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(GLUTAMIC ACID CHANGED TO VALINE)"
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What is the definition of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
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"'INCREASED' RBC NUMBERS 'ABOVE' NORMAL LEVELS
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(*HINT - BLOOD DOPERS. HIGH HEMATOCRIT)"
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What are the 2 different types of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
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"1. PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY
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2. POLYCYTHEMIA VERA"
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(*THERE IS ONLY 1)"
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"NO ACTUAL RBC PATHOLOGY
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NORMAL RESPONSE TO LOW OXYGEN PRESSURE. COUNTS OF 6-8 MILLION CELLS ARE COMMON. THERE ARE 'NO' SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE REACTIONS."
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What is 'POLYCYTHEMIA VERA' also known as? What is it caused by?
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"KNOWN AS 'ERYTHREMIA'
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CAUSED BY 'TUMOR OF THE BONE MARROW'"
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(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)"
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"1. 11 MILLION CELLS/MM^3 (RBCs)
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5. HIGH RISK OF STROKE/HEART ATTACK"
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What is the 'average' number of 'LEUKOCYTES' in a person?
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6,000 - 12,000 /mm^3 (1/500 of RBC count)
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Though 'LEUKOCYTE' numbers are low, 'PRODUCTION RATE' is equal to or great than that of RBC's."
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"TRUE
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'PRODUCTION RATE' IS EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 'RBC' PRODUCTION."
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What is the range of 'LIFE SPAN' of a 'LEUKOCYTE'?
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4 DAYS to MONTHS (DEPENDS ON TYPE)
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Where are the 'MAJORITY' of 'LEUKOCYTES' found?
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OUTSIDE CIRCULATION
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What 3 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'GRANULOCYTES' and what are their percentages?
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"1. NEUTROPHILS (65-70%)
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(*HINT - 'Granny N.E.B'. All the '-phil' cells are part of the same family)"
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What 2 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'AGRANULOCYTES' and what are their percentages?
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"1. LYMPHOCYTES (20-24%)
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(*HINT - [ALMs])"
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Where are 'AGRANULOCYTES' formed?
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IN THE 'LYMPH NODES'
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Where are 'GRANULOCYTES' formed?
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BONE MARROW
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What group does it belong to?"
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"NEUTROPHILS
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GRANULOCYTE FAMILY"
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What is the definition of 'DIFFERENTIAL WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT'?
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"PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF 'WBCs'
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(*OUT OF 100 WBCs RATIO IS DETERMINED)"
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(*THERE ARE 3 SITES)"
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"1. BONE MARROW
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3. SPLEEN"
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(*HINT - EACH FAMILY HAS A DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SITE)"
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"1. GRANULOCYTES = BONE MARROW
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2. AGRANULOCYTES = LYMPHOID TISSUES"
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What is the definition of 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'? What cells 'commonly' participate in this?
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"ABILITY TO 'ENGULF' FOREIGN BODIES
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'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES)"
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What cells 'commonly' participate in this?"
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"ABILITY TO 'SQUEEZE' THROUGH CAPILLARY WALLS
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'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES)"
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What cells 'commonly' participate in this?"
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"ABILITY TO MOVE ONCE CIRCULATION HAS BEEN LEFT.
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'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES)"
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What is 'CHEMOTAXIS' defined as?
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LEUKOCYTES ARE 'DRAWN' TOWARD AN AREA OF 'INFECTION'.
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What is the 'PROCESS' for 'CHEMOTAXIS'?
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"1. INJURED CELL RELEASES 'LEUCOTAXINE'
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4. 'NEUTROPHILS' INITIATE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES"
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What is 'LEUCOTAXINE'?
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"A 'CHEMOTAXIC' SUBSTANCE RELEASED BY AN 'INJURED CELL'
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ATTRACTS 'NEUTROPHILS'"
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(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)"
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"GRANULOCYTE
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3. RELEASE 'NETs' (NEUTRPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS) TO CONTAIN BACTERIA-KILLING CHEMICALS"
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(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)"
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"GRANULOCYTE
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3. MAST CELLS / BASOPHILS RELEASE 'EOSINOPHIL CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR) DURING ALLERGIC REACTION"
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Examples are, appendicitis, sore throat, and pneumonia."
|
NEUTROPHILS
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These 'LEUKOCYTES' 'INCREASE' in number during an 'ALLERGIC' reaction.
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EOSINOPHILS
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(*THERE IS ONLY 1)"
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"1. SECRETE 'ANTICOAGULANT'
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|
|
(HEPARIN and HISTAMINE) DURING ALLERGIC REACTION"
|
|
|
|
These 'LEUKOCYTES' release 'HISTAMINE' and 'HEPARIN'.
|
BASOPHILS
|
|
|
These 'LEUKOCYTES' are 'very active' in an 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'.
|
"AGRANULOCYTES
|
|
|
LYMPHOCYTES"
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
"1. B-LYMPHOCYTES
|
|
|
2. T-LYMPHOCYTES"
|
|
|
|
What are the functions of 'B-LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
"1. PRODUCE ANTIBODIES (ANTIBODIES ALSO PRODUCED BY PLASMA CELLS)
|
|
|
(*HINT - 'B' STANDS FOR 'BODIES-BUILDER')"
|
|
|
|
What are the functions of 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
"DIRECTLY 'DESTROY' SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS
|
|
|
(*HINT - 'T' STANDS FOR 'TERMINATOR')"
|
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
|
"1. 'CHRONIC CONDITION' DEFENSE
|
|
|
4. LIVE FOR 'MONTHS' EVEN 'YEARS'"
|
|
|
|
These type of 'LEUKOCYTES' 'INCREASE' during 'CHRONIC' conditions (e.g., tuberculosis/venereal disease).
|
MONOCYTES
|
|
|
These type of 'LEUKOCYTE' become 'MACROPHAGES' and are 'very active' in 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'. They can live for months and even years.
|
MONOCYTES
|
|
|
What is 'LEUKEMIA' defined as?
|
"MALIGNANT 'BLOOD DISEASE'
|
|
|
*IMMATURE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION"
|
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"A SMALL 'INFECTION'
|
|
|
INCREASED NUMBER OF 'LEUKOCYTES' ARE VERY 'IMMATURE' AND ARE UNABLE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION."
|
|
|
|
During 'LEUKEMIA', the 'WBC' count may reach what number?
|
500,000/mm^3 'WBCs'
|
|
|
*There are 2 of them"
|
"1. INFECTIONS
|
|
|
2. HEMORRHAGE"
|
|
|
|
What is 'LEUKOPENIA' defined as?
|
DECREASED PRODUCTION OF 'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES).
|
|
|
What are the 3 possible causes for 'LEUKOPENIA'?
|
"1. RADIATION
|
|
|
3. CHEMICALS"
|
|
|
|
What is the 'AVERAGE' number of 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) in the body?
|
150,000-350,000/mm^3 PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
|
|
|
What are 'THROMBOCYTES' also referred to as?
|
PLATELETS
|
|
|
What is a 'MEGAKARYOCYTE'?
|
VERY LARGE 'BONE MARROW CELL'
|
|
|
How are 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) formed?
|
PIECES OF 'CYTOPLASM' THAT ARE SAID TO 'CHIP' OFF.
|
|
|
What is the name of the 'recently' identified 'HORMONE' that is said to 'INCREASE' the number of 'MEGAKARYOCYTES'?
|
THROMBOPOIETIN
|
|
|
What produces 'PLATELETS'?
|
MEGAKARYOCYTES
|
|
|
Where does the 'DESTRUCTION' of 'PLATELETS' occur?
|
IN THE 'SPLEEN'
|
|
|
What is the 'LIFE SPAN' range of 'PLATELETS' (THROMBOCYTES)?
|
8 DAYS TO MANY MONTHS
|
|
|
What do 'PLATELETS' play an important role in?
|
BLOOD CLOTTING
|
|
|
How do 'PLATELETS' perform 'BLOOD CLOTTING'?
|
"'PLATELET PLUG' IS FORMED
|
|
|
'PLATELET PLUG' STOPS BLEEDING BEFORE ACTUAL CLOT IS FORMED"
|
|
|
|
'PLATELET PLUGS' are formed 'many' times during the day."
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
THIS IS DUE TO SMALL SITES OF INJURY IN VESSELS IN THE BODY."
|
|
|
|
Why do 'PLATELETS' not form in the 'BLOOD VESSELS'?
|
BLOOD VESSELS ARE EXTREMELY SMOOTH WHICH DO 'NOT' ALLOW PLATELETS TO STICK TOGETHER.
|
|
|
When do 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together?
|
WHEN EXPOSED TO 'COLLAGEN' (A PROTEIN)
|
|
|
As 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together, 3 things are released. What are the 3 substances?
|
"1. ADP
|
|
|
3. PROSTAGLANDIN (THROMBOXANE A2)"
|
|
|
|
The 'chemicals' that are released upon the formation of a 'PLATELET PLUG' stimulate what process to occur?
|
"STIMULATE 'VASOCONSTRICTION'
|
|
|
OTHER 'PLATELETS' BECOME STICKY"
|
|
|
|
'PLATELETS' also contain a very high concentration of what 2 molecules that are also found in muscle tissue?
|
"1. ACTIN
|
|
|
2. MYOSIN"
|
|
|
|
Because of the 'ACTIN' and 'MYOSIN', 'PLATELETS' have the ability to do what in 'aggregated platelets'?
|
CONTRACT
|
|
|
The 'PLATELET PLUG' does 'NOT' expand and spread from damaged endothelium. Why does this happen?
|
"UNDAMAGED 'ENDOTHELIAL CELLS' secrete 'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2).
|
|
|
THIS INHIBITS 'PLATELET AGGREGATION'"
|
|
|
|
'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2) is also known as what?
|
PROSTACYCLIN
|
|
|
There are 2 chemicals that the body secretes in order to 'INHIBIT' 'PLATELET AGGREGATION' on 'undamaged endothelial cells'. What are the 2 chemicals?
|
"1. PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2)
|
|
|
2. NITRIC OXIDE (NO)"
|
|
|
|
'NITRIC OXIDE' has the ability to do 4 things with regards to 'PLATELET AGGREGATION'. What are they?
|
"1. CAUSES VASODILATION
|
|
|
4. AGGREGATION"
|
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
|
"ABNORMALLY 'LOW' NUMBER OF PLATELETS
|
|
|
(50,000 AND BELOW)"
|
|
|
|
What is one of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
|
EXCESS BLEEDING
|
|
|
'THROMBOCYTOPENIA' may result from 2 causes. What are the 2 causes?
|
"1. IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA (UNKNOWN CAUSES)
|
|
|
2. AUTOIMMUNITY ATTACK ON PLATELETS"
|
|
|
|
What numbers of 'PLATELETS' (THROMBOCYTES) is considered to be 'LETHAL'?
|
~10,000/mm^3 PLATELETS
|
|
|
The 'BLEEDING' from many small vessels is known as what?
|
"THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA
|
|
|
(*HINT - 'PURPURA' = PURPLE)"
|
|
|
|
How can 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA' be treated?
|
TRANSFUSIONS OF PACKETED PLATELETS
|
|
|
When the 'ENDOTHELIAL LINING' of a vessel is exposed to 'COLLAGEN PROTEINS', a process of 3 separate but overlapping mechanisms occurs. What are they?
|
"1. VASOCONSTRICTION
|
|
|
3. FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOT"
|
|
|
|
'VASOCONSTRICTION' is 'STIMULATED' by what during the 'BLOOD CLOTTING' process?
|
SEROTONIN
|
|
|
(*There are 3 things)"
|
"1. VESSEL WALL IS CUT OR BROKEN
|
|
|
3. BLOOD LOSS IS 'DECREASED'"
|
|
|
|
In the absence of 'VESSEL DAMAGE', platelets are attracted to each other."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
'PLATELETS' are 'repelled' from each other during 'VESSEL DAMAGE'"
|
|
|
|
What does the 'PLATELET PLUG' temporarily do?
|
TEMPORARILY 'CLOSES' THE VESSEL UNTIL CLOTTING MECHANISMS CAN FORM A CLOT.
|
|
|
What is the 'PLATELET PLUG' strengthened by?
|
PROTEIN FIBERS CALLED 'FIBRIN'
|
|
|
What are the two 'pathways' that result in the formation of 'FIBRIN'?
|
"1. INTRINSIC PATHWAY (Inside)
|
|
|
2. EXTRINSIC PATHWAY (Outside)"
|
|
|
|
What is the main difference between 'EXTRINSIC' and 'INTRINSIC' pathways?
|
"1. EXTRINSIC = TISSUE DAMAGE
|
|
|
2. INTRINSIC = VASCULAR DAMAGE"
|
|
|
|
What 'CLOTTING FACTORS' does the 'INTRINSIC PATHWAY' have that the 'EXTRINSIC PATHWAY' does not?
|
FACTOR 9, 11 AND 12
|
|
|
(*Hint - They are 'PLASMA PROTEINS')"
|
MADE IN THE LIVER
|
|
|
What 'CONVERTS' 'PROTHROMBIN' to 'THROMBIN'?
|
CALCIUM
|
|
|
When 'THROMBIN' reacts with 'FIBRINOGEN' what is the result?
|
FIBRIN CLOT
|
|
|
What is the 'COLOR' of a 'CLOT'?
|
"NO COLOR
|
|
|
*THE RED COLOR COMES FROM 'RBCs' THAT BECOME TRAPPED."
|
|
|
|
'CLOT RETRACTION' is also referred to as what?
|
SYNERESIS
|
|
|
'PLATELETS' play a role in bringing what closer together?
|
FIBRIN THREADS CLOSER TOGETHER
|
|
|
Why is 'CLOT RETRACTION' important?
|
"DURING 'INTRAVASCULAR CLOTS' THE CLOT IS ABLE TO PULL AWAY FROM THE WALL AND 'RESTORE BLOOD FLOW'
|
|
|
ALLOWS CLOT TO 'SHRINK IN SIZE' AFTER TIME"
|
|
|
|
CLOTS DO NOT SHRINK IN SIZE"
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
'CLOT RETRACTION' OR 'SYNERESIS' OCCURS BY BRINGING 'FIBRIN' THREADS CLOSER TOGETHER."
|
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'FIBRINOGEN'?
|
I
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'PROTHROMBIN'?
|
II (2)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN'?
|
III (3)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'CALCIUM'?
|
IV (4)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN'?
|
VIII (8)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'CHRISTMAS FACTOR'?
|
IX (9)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'FIBRIN STABILIZING FACTOR'?
|
XIII (13)
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'I'?
|
FIBRINOGEN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'II'?
|
PROTHROMBIN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'III'?
|
TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'IV'?
|
CALCIUM
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'VIII'?
|
ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'IX'?
|
CHRISTMAS FACTOR
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'XIII'?
|
FIBRIN STABILIZING FACTOR
|
|
|
What 'CLOTTING FACTOR' is the cause of 'HEMOPHILIA'?
|
"FACTOR VIII (8)
|
|
|
ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN"
|
|
|
|
What do 'ANTICOAGULANTS' do?
|
PREVENT 'BLOOD CLOTTING'
|
|
|
'ANTICOAGULANTS' are also referred to as what?
|
'BLOOD THINNERS'
|
|
|
How does it function?"
|
"ANTICOAGULANT (BLOOD THINNER)
|
|
|
*LIVER 'MUST' HAVE VITAMIN K TO PRODUCE CLOTTING FACTORS"
|
|
|
|
How does it function?"
|
"INTERFERES WITH THE FORMATION OF 'THROMBIN' FROM 'PROTHROMBIN'
|
|
|
*HEPARIN SHOTS GIVEN TO PATIENTS BEFORE SURGERY TO 'PREVENT' CLOTTING DURING/AFTER SURGERY."
|
|
|
|
How do 'CITRATES', 'OXALATES' and 'EDTA' work as 'ANTICOAGULANTS?
|
TIE UP CALCIUM
|
|
|
Where is it 'STORED'?"
|
"PRODUCED = 'G.I. TRACT VIA BACTERIA'
|
|
|
STORED = 'LIVER'"
|
|
|
|
'NEWBORN BABIES' do 'NOT' have 'BACTERIA' in their G.I. tract. Because of this, what usually happens after a baby is delivered?
|
INJECTED WITH A 'VITAMIN K' SHOT
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'FRIBRINOLYSIS'?
|
LYSIS OF CLOTS
|
|
|
How does the 'FIBRINOLYSIS' begin?
|
CLOT STIMULATES RELEASE OF A SUBSTANCE FROM THE 'WALL' OF A BLOOD VESSEL
|
|
|
There is an 'ACTIVATOR' located in the 'PLASMA' which stimulates what to occur? With what protein does this start with?
|
"LYSIS OF CLOTS
|
|
|
STARTS WITH 'PLASMINOGEN' PROTEIN"
|
|
|
|
(*There are 4 steps)"
|
'PLASMINOGEN' -> 'PLASMIN' -> 'FIBRIN' -> DEGRADED FIBRIN PRODUCTS
|
|
|
What is the 'NATURALLY' ocurrig agent in the body that breaks up clots?
|
'PLASMIN'
|
|
|
'PLASMIN' is very 'QUICK' at removing clots in the body."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
'PLASMIN' is natural but 'NOT' quick."
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 conditions that can cause 'EXCESSIVE' bleeding in humans?
|
"1. LIVER DISEASE
|
|
|
4. THROMBOCYTOPENIA"
|
|
|
|
When 'LIVER DISEASE' is a factor in excessive bleeding, what is happning?
|
LIVER IS 'DECREASING' PRODUCTION OF 'CLOTTING FACTORS'
|
|
|
Where are the 'MAJORITY' of clotting factors produced?
|
LIVER
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"EXCESSIVE BLEEDING
|
|
|
2. OTHER FACTORS"
|
|
|
|
What 2 types are there?"
|
"LACK OF FACTOR VIII (8)
|
|
|
(ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN)"
|
|
|
|
When 'HEMOPHILIA' is diagnosed, what is its most 'COMMON' form?
|
"HEMOPHILIA A
|
|
|
(LACK OF FACTOR VIII (8))"
|
|
|
|
(*FACTOR 9 = CHRISTMAS FACTOR)"
|
HEMOPHILIA B
|
|
|
What is a 'THROMBUS' defined as?
|
CLOT THAT IS 'ATTACHED' TO A BLOOD VESSEL WALL
|
|
|
What is an 'EMBOLUS' defined as?
|
CLOT THAT 'DETACHES' from the wall and floats freely in the circulation.
|
|
|
'THROMBUS' formation is usually due to what 3 causes?
|
"1. TRAUMA (INJURY) TO BLOOD VESSEL
|
|
|
3. ROUGH SURFACE ON INSIDE OF BLOOD VESSELS (ARTERIOSCLEROTIC PLAQUES)"
|
|
|
|
What is 'THROMBOCYHTEMIA' defined as?
|
"EXCESS PLATELETS
|
|
|
50,000 mm^3 OR LESS"
|
|
|
|
How does 'ASPIRIN' help fight against 'HEART ATTACKS'?
|
"INHIBITS PLATELET AGGREGATION AND THE RELEASE OF PLATELET CLOTTING FACTORS
|
|
|
THEREBY 'DECREASES CLOT FORMATION'"
|
|
|
|
There are 3 general 'LINES OF DEFENSE' in the body. What are they?
|
"1. EXTERNAL DEFENSE
|
|
|
3. IMMUNITY"
|
|
|
|
What is the 'MAIN' source of 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' in the body?
|
SKIN
|
|
|
How does 'SKIN' work as an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' mechanism?
|
"ANATOMICAL BARRIER TO PENETRATION BY 'PATHOGENS'
|
|
|
THERE ARE SECRETIONS WITH 'LYSOZYME' WHICH DESTROY BACTERIA"
|
|
|
|
What is 'LYSOZYME'?
|
'ENZYME' secreted from the skin that 'DESTROYS' bacteria.
|
|
|
There are 4 'MECHANISMS' in the body for modes of 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE'. What are they?
|
"1. SKIN
|
|
|
4. GENITOURINARY TRACT"
|
|
|
|
Why is the 'DIGESTIVE TRACT' considered to be an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE'?
|
THERE IS A 'HIGH ACIDITY' IN STOMACH ACID (pH=1 or 2)
|
|
|
Why is the 'RESPIRATORY TRACT' considered to be an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE'?
|
"MOVEMENT OF MUCUS BY CILIA
|
|
|
ALVEOLAR 'MACROPHAGES'"
|
|
|
|
What is the 'GENITOURINARY TRACT' and how is it an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' mechanism?
|
"ACIDITY OF 'URINE'
|
|
|
ACIDITY OF 'VAGINAL LACTIC ACID"
|
|
|
|
There are 5 types of 'PHAGOCYTIC CELLS' involved in defense against disease. What are they and where are they?
|
"1. NEUTROPHILS (WBCs - BLOOD)
|
|
|
5. MICROGLIA (CNS - CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM)"
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'IMMUNITY'?
|
"1. NON-SPECIFIC
|
|
|
2. SPECIFIC"
|
|
|
|
What is 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' defined as?
|
IMMUNITY THAT IS 'INHERIT AGAINST DISEASE'
|
|
|
What are the 5 different types of 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
|
"1. INFLAMMATION
|
|
|
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM"
|
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 REASONS)"
|
"1. HELPS ISOLATE, DESTROY, INACTIVATE INVADING AGENTS.
|
|
|
3. PREPARE FOR HEALING AND REPAIR"
|
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3)"
|
"PROTEINS THAT ARE RELEASE FROM VIRUS-INFECTED
|
|
|
PROVIDES PROTECTION TO OTHER CELLS THAT MAY BE INFECTED BY THE 'VIRUS'"
|
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 2 REASONS)"
|
"INHIBITS 'BACTERIA GROWTH'
|
|
|
MAY AID IN RECOVERY FROM INFECTION"
|
|
|
|
What are 'NATURAL KILLER CELLS' and how do they help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
|
LYMPHOCYTE-LIKE CELLS THAT DESTROY VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS/CANCER CELLS
|
|
|
What is the 'COMPLEMENT SYSTEM' and how is it a help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
|
PLASMA 'PROTEINS' THAT DESTROY FOREIGN CELLS BY ATTACKING THEIR PLASMA MEMBRANES
|
|
|
How does it work?"
|
"SYSTEM THAT RESPONDS 'SELECTIVELY' TO INVADING AGENTS
|
|
|
'ANTIBODIES' SELECTIVE TARGET INVADERS AND DESTROY THEM."
|
|
|
|
Why in 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' does the first exposure cause harm to the individual whereas the second exposure does not?
|
"TAKES BODY SEVERAL DAYS TO MOUNT AN 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'
|
|
|
'ANTIBODIES' (SPECIFIC PROTEINS) ARE FORMED TO COMBINE WITH 'ANTIGEN' AFTER 1st EXPOSURE"
|
|
|
|
What is an 'ANTIGEN'
|
AN 'INVANDING AGENT' THAT INITATES A 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' RESPONSE
|
|
|
What is the 2nd exposure of the reaction between an 'ANTIGEN' and an 'ANTIBODY' called?
|
IMMUNE REACTION
|
|
|
There are 2 'BROAD TYPES' of 'SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES'. What are they?
|
"1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
|
|
|
2. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY"
|
|
|
|
What is 'HUMORAL IMMUNITY' defined as?
|
"HUMORAL = FLUID = BONE MARROW = (B-LYMPHOCYTES)
|
|
|
B-LYMPHOCYTES COMBAT INFECTION / BACTERIA"
|
|
|
|
What is 'CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY' defined as?
|
"DESTRUCTION BY THE 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'
|
|
|
CELLS THAT ARE IN 'CLOSE PROXIMITY' OR HAVE 'PHYSICAL CONTACT' WITH THE VICTIM CELL TO DESTROY IT."
|
|
|
|
T-CELLS DO 'NOT' SECRETE ANTIBODIES"
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
THEY DO 'NOT' SECRETE ANTIBODIES"
|
|
|
|
What is an example where this is important?"
|
"ABILITY TO 'DISTINGUISH' MATERIAL THAT IS 'SELF' FROM MATERIAL THAT IS 'NON-SELF'
|
|
|
EXAMPLE = ORGAN TRANSPLANTS"
|
|
|
|
What is 'AUTOIMMUNITY' defined as?
|
FORMATION OF 'ANTIBODIES' AGAINST A PERSON'S OWN TISSUES
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)"
|
"1. RHEUMATIC FEVER
|
|
|
2. GRAVE'S DISEASE"
|
|
|
|
What is 'RHEUMATIC FEVER' defined as?
|
"ANTIBODIES THAT ARE PRODUCED AGAINST 'STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIA' CROSS REACT WITH THE HEART AND KIDNEY TISSUES.
|
|
|
'AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE'"
|
|
|
|
What is 'GRAVE'S DISEASE'?
|
ANTIBODIES STIMULATE THYROID GLAND WHICH MIMIC 'THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)'.
|
|
|
What is 'ACTIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
"THE BODY 'ACTIVELY' FORMS ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTIGENS THAT IT HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO.
|
|
|
(SELF PRODUCING)"
|
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
|
"1. MEASELS
|
|
|
4. VACCINE"
|
|
|
|
What is a 'VACCINE'?
|
"DEAD PIECES OF THE INVADER
|
|
|
ANTIBODIES CREATED FROM DEAD 'ANTIGENS'"
|
|
|
|
What is 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
TRANSFUSING A PERSON WITH 'ANTIBODIES' IN PLASMA FROM SOMEONE ELSE THAT HAS BEEN ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED AGAINST A 'SPECIFIC ANTIGEN'.
|
|
|
What is the problem with 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
'ANTIBODIES' DO NOT LAST LONG AND START TO DEGRADE SO IMMUNITY IS 'NOT' PERMANENT.
|
|
|
What are some examples of 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
"1. RHOGAM SHOT
|
|
|
2. MOTHER'S MILK"
|
|
|
|
Passive Immunization with antibodies can 'ONLY' be accomplished with human immunoglobulins."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES) 'AND' ALSO ANIMAL IMMUNOGLOBULINS"
|
|
|
|
When is 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY' beneficial?
|
"1. INDIVIDUALS UNABLE TO FORM ANTIBODIES
|
|
|
4. TREATMENT OF CONDITIONS WHERE ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION IS 'UNAVAILABLE' OR 'IMPRACTICAL' (e.g., SNAKE BITE)"
|
|
|
|
A person with type 'A' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
TYPE A ANTIGENS
|
|
|
A person with type 'B' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
TYPE B ANTIGENS
|
|
|
A person with type 'AB' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
TYPE AB ANTIGENS
|
|
|
A person with type 'O' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
'NO' ANTIGENS
|
|
|
Approximately how long after 'BIRTH' does the body begin to produce 'ANTIBODIES' in their 'blood'?
|
2-8 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH
|
|
|
'ANTIBODIES' in the 'BLOOD' are also called what?
|
AGGLUTININS
|
|
|
Where are 'ANTIGENS' located with regards to 'BLOOD'?
|
'ON' THE RED BLOOD CELL
|
|
|
What do 'ANTIBODIES/AGGLUTININS' do?
|
REACT W/ ANTIGENS OF OTHER BLOOD
|
|
|
What is considered to be the 'UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT'?
|
AB BLOOD TYPE
|
|
|
What is considered to be the 'UNIVERSAL DONOR'?
|
O
|
|
|
What happens if 'BLOOD TYPES' do not match during a 'TRANSFUSION'?
|
"RECIPIENT'S ANTIBODIES 'ATTACH' TO THE DONOR'S RED BLOOD CELL 'ANTIGENS'
|
|
|
CELLS BEGIN TO 'AGGLUTINATE'"
|
|
|
|
What is 'HEMOLYSIS'?
|
"RED BLOOD CELLS RUPTURE (LYSE)
|
|
|
CAUSED BY 'AGGLUTINATION' IN THE BLOOD FROM TRANSFUSION ERRORS"
|
|
|
|
How many types of 'Rh' antigens are there? Which is the most common?
|
"6 COMMON TYPES OF 'Rh' ANTIGENS. ALSO CALLED 'Rh FACTOR'
|
|
|
TYPE 'D' IS MOST PREVALENT"
|
|
|
|
Are more people 'Rh-' or 'Rh+'?
|
MORE ARE 'Rh+'
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"'Rh GROUP'
|
|
|
OTHER 'HEMOLYTIC' DISEASES TO 'NEWBORNS' (e.g., ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FATALIS)"
|
|
|
|
When the 'Rh GROUP' is 'NOT' compatible during pregnancy and the 'MOTHER'S' antibodies attack the 'ANTIGENS' of the baby, what is this called?
|
'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS'
|
|
|
Which form of the 'Rh GROUP' is the only one to 'PRODUCE ANTIBODIES'?
|
ONLY 'Rh -' CREATES ANTIBODIES
|
|
|
What is 'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' defined as?
|
"'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' IN NEWBORN 'Rh +' BABY.
|
|
|
'MOTHER'S ANTIBODIES' CROSS THE PLACENTA AND INTERACT WITH BABY 'Rh FACTOR'"
|
|
|
|
FATHER = 'Rh -'"
|
"NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
(*ONLY 'Rh -' BLOOD TYPE CREATES ANTIBODIES)"
|
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
"'ANTIBODIES' ARE CREATED
|
|
|
'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' WILL OCCUR ON NEXT (Rh +) PREGNANCY UNLESS MOTHER IS GIVEN A 'RHOGAM SHOT' WHICH WILL INDUCE 'PASSIVE (SHORT TERM) IMMUNITY' TO 'Rh + ANTIGENS'."
|
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh -'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"'RHOGAM SHOT'
|
|
|
THIS CREATES 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY' WHICH IS SHORT TERM. IF NOT, MOTHER WILL CREATE 'ANTIBODIES' AGAINST 'Rh + FACTOR' CAUSING ALL FUTURE PREGNANCIES WITH 'Rh + TYPE BLOOD' TO GO THROUGH 'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS'"
|
|
|
|
'A BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'A BLOOD TYPE'
|
|
|
'ANTI-B ANTIBODIES'"
|
|
|
|
'B BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'B BLOOD TYPE'
|
|
|
'ANTI-A ANTIBODIES'"
|
|
|
|
'AB BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'AB BLOOD TYPE'
|
|
|
(*UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT)"
|
|
|
|
'O BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'NO ANTIGENS'
|
|
|
(*UNIVERSAL DONOR)"
|
|
|
|
Where are the 'ANTIBODIES' for a specific blood type located?
|
ANTIBODIES = 'PLASMA'
|
|
|
Where are the 'ANTIGENS' for a specific blood type located?
|
ANTIGENS = 'ATTACHED TO BLOOD CELL'
|
|
|
4. 60%"
|
1. 45%
|
|
|
4. 500,000"
|
3. 2.5 MILLION
|
|
|
4. ADH"
|
3. ERYTHROPOIETIN
|
|
|
4. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA"
|
1. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
|
|
|
4. LYMPHOCYTES AND NEUTROPHILS"
|
3. LYMPHOCYTES ANO MONOCYTES
|
|
|
4. THROMBOXANE A2"
|
2. PLASMIN
|
|
|
4. A BLOOD CLOT FORMED IN THE HEART"
|
3. A BLOOD CLOT THAT DETACHES FROM A BLOD VESSEL WALL AND FLAOTS FREELY
|
|
|
4. AUTO IMMUNITY"
|
4. AUTO IMMUNITY
|
|
|
4. TYPE B"
|
"2. TYPE AB
|
|
|
(*UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT)"
|
|
|
|
Question
|
Answer
|
|
|
THE AVERAGE YOUNG ADULT HAS HOW MUCH 'BLOOD'? (*VOLUME)
|
6 LITERS
|
|
|
'BLOOD' is separated into 2 different components. What are the 2 components?
|
"1. CELLS
|
|
|
What 3 types of 'CELLS' are found in 'BLOOD' composition?
|
"1. ERYTHROCYTES
|
|
|
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
|
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
|
|
|
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR 'LEUKOCYTES'?
|
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)
|
|
|
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR 'THROMBOCYTES'?
|
PLATELETS
|
|
|
What percentages does each make up of the 'PLASMA'?"
|
"1. WATER (90-92%)
|
|
|
What are the 5 functions of 'BLOOD'?
|
"1. CARRIAGE OF O2 TO CELLS
|
|
|
In the 'SOLUTE' portion of the 'PLASMA' in blood there are 4 major substances. What are they?
|
"1. PROTEINS (7%)
|
|
|
What 'PROTEIN' is found in the most abundance in blood plasma?
|
ALBUMIN
|
|
|
'ALBUMIN' accounts for what percentage of the total amount of 'protein' found in blood plasma?
|
ALBUMIN = 55% OF 'BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN' CONCENTATION
|
|
|
What is considered to be the 'NORMAL' hematocrit?
|
45% = NORMAL
|
|
|
What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for males?
|
42-48% = MALES
|
|
|
What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for females?
|
38-44% = FEMALES
|
|
|
When blood is placed in centrifuge and spun down, there are 2 different sections. What is the 'BOTTOM' portion referred to as and what is the 'TOP' portion referred to as?
|
"FORMED ELEMENTS = 'BOTTOM'
|
|
|
'PLASMA' minus the 'coagulation factors' is referred to as what?
|
SERUM
|
|
|
What causes a sample of blood to clot?
|
COAGULATION FACTORS / CLOTTING FACTORS
|
|
|
What is the ratio of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' to other 'BLOOD CELLS'?
|
500:01:00
|
|
|
There are many organic/inorganic substances that are dissolved in blood. What are 9 examples of these?
|
"1. PROTEINS
|
|
|
'PLASMA PROTEINS' can be separated into 4 basic groups. What are the 4 basic groups?
|
"1. ALBUMIN
|
|
|
WHERE ARE THE 'ALPHA/BETA' GLOBULINS FORMED?
|
IN THE LIVER
|
|
|
What is a important characteristic of this protein?"
|
"OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION
|
|
|
How do they work?"
|
"CARRIER VEHICLES
|
|
|
What 2 types of this are possible?"
|
"ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
|
|
|
Where are 'GAMMA GLOBULINS' formed?
|
IN LYMPHOID TISSUES
|
|
|
What does it produce?"
|
"1. TISSUES/CELLS CAPABLE OF 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'
|
|
|
'CELLS' connected to the 'RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL' system can be found in 4 different places in the human body. What are the 4 places?
|
"1. BONE MARROW
|
|
|
What are the 4 characteristics of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
|
"1. NO NUCLEUS
|
|
|
What are the 2 functions of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
|
"1. TRANSPORT HEMOGLOBIN
|
|
|
'MALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
|
5.5 million/mm^3
|
|
|
'FEMALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
|
4.5 million/mm^3 = FEMALES
|
|
|
Under what conditions will there be an 'INCREASE' of 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
|
"1. ALTITUDE
|
|
|
The synthesis of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
|
ERYTHROPOIESIS
|
|
|
The synthesis of 'ALL BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
|
HEMATOPOIESIS
|
|
|
- ADULT"
|
"1. EARLY EMBRYO = YOLK SAC
|
|
|
(*There are 5 steps)"
|
"1. STEM CELL
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"RETICULOCYTE
|
|
|
Between what 2 processes does the 'RED BLOOD CELL' lose its nucleus?
|
NORMOBLAST -> RETICULOCYTE
|
|
|
Without this 'hormone' red blood will not forms and 'stem cells' will NOT be stimulated.
|
ERYTHROPOIETIN
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES)"
|
"1. HEMORRHAGE
|
|
|
If the 'OXYGEN' delivery to certain cells of the kidney decreases, what is secreted and from what organ?
|
"ERYTHROPOIETIN = SECRETED
|
|
|
'ERYTHROPOIETIN' (EPO) goes into the blood and stimulates what to become what. Where does this 'generally' occur?
|
"STIMULATES 'STEM CELLS' to become 'PROERYTHROBLASTS'
|
|
|
There are 3 other uncommon factors that help regulate 'RED BLOOD CELL' production. What are they?
|
"1. COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS
|
|
|
It takes approximately how many days for (RBCs) to increase after 'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is stimulated?
|
5 DAYS
|
|
|
'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is part of the group of 'CYTOKINES' called what?
|
HEMATOPOEITIC GROWTH FACTORS (HGFs)
|
|
|
What is 'BLOOD DOPING'?
|
"SEPARATING 'RED BLOOD CELLS' AND STORING THEM FOR A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF TIME.
|
|
|
What might happen with an abnormally 'HIGH' hematocrit due to 'BLOOD DOPING'?
|
"BLOOD BECOMES 'SLUGGISH' AND 'THICK'.
|
|
|
How do (RBCs) become 'worn out'?
|
THROUGH WEAR/TEAR OF PASSING THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS.
|
|
|
Approximately how many 'RED BLOOD CELLS' (RBCs) are 'destroyed' each second?
|
~2,500,000 RED BLOOD CELLS / SECOND
|
|
|
What is 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
|
Substance the can 'reversibly' bind to 'OXYGEN'
|
|
|
Approximately how many molecules of 'HEMOGLOBIN' are there per 'RED BLOOD CELL'?
|
200 MILLION HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES / RED BLOOD CELL
|
|
|
'HEMOGLOBIN' consists of 2 parts. What are the 2 parts?
|
"1. GLOBIN (4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS)
|
|
|
What is it made of?"
|
"PROTEIN
|
|
|
4 DISK-SHAPED MOLECULES ARE WHAT MAKE UP THIS COMPOUND.
|
'HEME' IN HEMO-GLOBIN
|
|
|
Each 'HEME' has what molecule in the center?
|
IRON
|
|
|
When 'IRON' (Fe++) is combined with 'PORPHYRIN', what is the result?
|
A 'HEME' GROUP
|
|
|
How many 'PEPTIDE' bonds does a 'HEME' molecule have?
|
4 PEPTIDE BONDS
|
|
|
By 'WEIGHT', what percentage of a RBC is ade of Hb (HEMOGLOBIN)?
|
34% of RBC = HEMOGLOBIN
|
|
|
In 100 ml of 'BLOOD' there are approximately how many 'GRAMS' of 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
|
15 GRAMS
|
|
|
What amount of 'OXYGEN' in 'ml' will combine on a 'per gram' basis with 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
|
1.34 ml OXYGEN / 1g Hb
|
|
|
Does it change? If so, when?"
|
"HEMOGLOBIN that is 'SATURATED' with O2 (OXYGEN)
|
|
|
Which one does 'COMPETE' for the OXYGEN binding Hb spot?"
|
"1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
|
|
|
Why is 'CARBON MONOXIDE' such a dangerous gas?
|
"BECAUSE IT 'COMPETES' FOR THE SAME LOCATION 'OXYGEN' BINDS TO ON 'HEMOGLOBIN'
|
|
|
When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE), what is the molecule called?
|
CARBAMINO HEMOGLOBIN
|
|
|
When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO (CARBON MONOXIDE), what is the molecule called?
|
CARBOXY HEMOGLOBIN
|
|
|
This molecule has '200x' the affinity for 'HEMOGLOBIN' (Hb) than 'OXYGEN' does.
|
CARBON MONOXIDE
|
|
|
The 4 'POLYPEPTIDE' chains formed on the globin protein in a 'HEMOGLOBIN' molecule can NOT be re-used again."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
What happens to 'HEMOGLOBIN' when RBCs are worn out and destroyed? What is this referred to as?
|
CATABOLISM (BREAKDOWN) OF HEMOGLOBIN
|
|
|
When 'HEMOGLOBIN' (Hb) is 'ca
olized' or broken down. There are 4 steps that occur for a complete breakdown. What are they? |
"1. Hb goes to (HEME + GLOBIN)
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 2 STEPS)"
|
"1. IRON IS REMOVED FROM CENTER
|
|
|
What is 'BILIVERDIN' a result of?
|
RESULT FROM THE BREAKDOWN (CATABOLISM) OF A 'HEME' GROUP DUE TO 'HEMOGLOBIN'/'RBC' DESTRUCTION.
|
|
|
'BILIVERDIN' is converted to what molecule when it is being broken down by the body?
|
BILIRUBIN (YELLOW COLOR)
|
|
|
What is 'BILIVERDIN'?
|
THE BY-PRODUCT OF THE 'CATABOLISM' OF THE 'HEME' GROUP FROM A 'HEMOGLOBIN' MOLECULE THAT HAS BEEN DESTROYED.
|
|
|
(*3 STEPS)"
|
"1. HEMOGLOBIN -> HEME + GLOBIN
|
|
|
Where is 'BILIRUBIN' delivered to?
|
LIVER
|
|
|
After 'BILIRUBIN' has been delivered to the 'LIVER', what is its function?
|
EXCRETED FROM LIVER WITH 'BILE'
|
|
|
'BILIRUBIN', once in the 'LIVER' and secreted with 'BILE' has 2 options/pathways. What are they?
|
"1. EXCRETION VIA 'FECES'
|
|
|
What do 'FECES' and 'URINE' owe their normal 'brown/yellowish' color to?
|
BILIRUBIN PRODUCTS
|
|
|
When 'BILIRUBIN' is excreted in the form of 'FECES' what is it called?
|
STERCOBILIN
|
|
|
When 'BILIRUBIN' is reabsorbed back into the blood, delivered to 'KIDNEYS' and excreted in the form of 'URINE' what is it called?
|
UROBILIN
|
|
|
What is it called when the 'YELLOWISH' colored 'BILIRUBIN' accumlates in the blood to an abnormally 'HIGH' degree?
|
"JAUNDICE (HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA)
|
|
|
There are 3 causes of 'JAUNDICE', what are they?
|
"1. LIVER DISEASE
|
|
|
What is 'ANEMIA' defined as?
|
ANY CONDITION THAT RESULTS IN A 'DECREASED' OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD.
|
|
|
There are 2 main 'CAUSES' of 'ANEMIA', what are they?
|
"1. DECREASED NUMBER OF RBCs
|
|
|
What are the 3 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ANEMIA'?
|
"1. PALE SKIN COLOR
|
|
|
Why do 'NEWBORN BABIES' develop 'JAUNDICE' more commonly than adults?
|
"BABIES HAVE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT WHEN BORN.
|
|
|
'BABIES' develop a 'BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER' at a very young age."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
What are the 4 basic 'TYPES' of 'ANEMIA'?
|
"1. HEMORRHAGIC
|
|
|
What is 'HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA' defined as?
|
'ANEMIA' DUE TO BLOOD LOSS
|
|
|
What is 'APLASTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
|
"'ANEMIA' DUE TO BONE MARROW DESTRUCTION
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4)"
|
"1. CANCER
|
|
|
What 2 'SUB-GROUPS' are included in this type of 'ANEMIA'?"
|
"ANEMIA DUE TO A 'LACK' OF VITAMINS/PROTEINS IN THE BODY.
|
|
|
What 'PROTEIN' is 'IRON' bound to in the body? What does it serve as?
|
"IRON IS BOUND TO 'FERRITIN' PROTEIN
|
|
|
What is considered to be the 'MOST COMMON' type of 'ANEMIA'?
|
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA'? What specific type of 'ANEMIA' does this fall under?
|
"NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
|
|
|
What is 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA'? What type of 'ANEMIA' is this considered to be?
|
"NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
|
|
|
What is the process in which 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA' occurs?
|
PARIETAL CELLS -> INTRINSIC FACTOR -> VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION -> MITOSIS (RBC) PRODUCTION
|
|
|
What is 'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
|
RBC DESTRUCTION
|
|
|
What are 3 causes of 'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA'?
|
"1. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
|
|
|
What happens in 'SICKEL CELL ANEMIA'?
|
"THE #6 'AMINO ACID' IS SUBSTITUTED.
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
|
"'INCREASED' RBC NUMBERS 'ABOVE' NORMAL LEVELS
|
|
|
What are the 2 different types of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
|
"1. PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY
|
|
|
(*THERE IS ONLY 1)"
|
"NO ACTUAL RBC PATHOLOGY
|
|
|
What is 'POLYCYTHEMIA VERA' also known as? What is it caused by?
|
"KNOWN AS 'ERYTHREMIA'
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)"
|
"1. 11 MILLION CELLS/MM^3 (RBCs)
|
|
|
What is the 'average' number of 'LEUKOCYTES' in a person?
|
6,000 - 12,000 /mm^3 (1/500 of RBC count)
|
|
|
Though 'LEUKOCYTE' numbers are low, 'PRODUCTION RATE' is equal to or great than that of RBC's."
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
What is the range of 'LIFE SPAN' of a 'LEUKOCYTE'?
|
4 DAYS to MONTHS (DEPENDS ON TYPE)
|
|
|
Where are the 'MAJORITY' of 'LEUKOCYTES' found?
|
OUTSIDE CIRCULATION
|
|
|
What 3 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'GRANULOCYTES' and what are their percentages?
|
"1. NEUTROPHILS (65-70%)
|
|
|
What 2 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'AGRANULOCYTES' and what are their percentages?
|
"1. LYMPHOCYTES (20-24%)
|
|
|
Where are 'AGRANULOCYTES' formed?
|
IN THE 'LYMPH NODES'
|
|
|
Where are 'GRANULOCYTES' formed?
|
BONE MARROW
|
|
|
What group does it belong to?"
|
"NEUTROPHILS
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'DIFFERENTIAL WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT'?
|
"PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF 'WBCs'
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 SITES)"
|
"1. BONE MARROW
|
|
|
(*HINT - EACH FAMILY HAS A DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SITE)"
|
"1. GRANULOCYTES = BONE MARROW
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'? What cells 'commonly' participate in this?
|
"ABILITY TO 'ENGULF' FOREIGN BODIES
|
|
|
What cells 'commonly' participate in this?"
|
"ABILITY TO 'SQUEEZE' THROUGH CAPILLARY WALLS
|
|
|
What cells 'commonly' participate in this?"
|
"ABILITY TO MOVE ONCE CIRCULATION HAS BEEN LEFT.
|
|
|
What is 'CHEMOTAXIS' defined as?
|
LEUKOCYTES ARE 'DRAWN' TOWARD AN AREA OF 'INFECTION'.
|
|
|
What is the 'PROCESS' for 'CHEMOTAXIS'?
|
"1. INJURED CELL RELEASES 'LEUCOTAXINE'
|
|
|
What is 'LEUCOTAXINE'?
|
"A 'CHEMOTAXIC' SUBSTANCE RELEASED BY AN 'INJURED CELL'
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)"
|
"GRANULOCYTE
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)"
|
"GRANULOCYTE
|
|
|
Examples are, appendicitis, sore throat, and pneumonia."
|
NEUTROPHILS
|
|
|
These 'LEUKOCYTES' 'INCREASE' in number during an 'ALLERGIC' reaction.
|
EOSINOPHILS
|
|
|
(*THERE IS ONLY 1)"
|
"1. SECRETE 'ANTICOAGULANT'
|
|
|
These 'LEUKOCYTES' release 'HISTAMINE' and 'HEPARIN'.
|
BASOPHILS
|
|
|
These 'LEUKOCYTES' are 'very active' in an 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'.
|
"AGRANULOCYTES
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
"1. B-LYMPHOCYTES
|
|
|
What are the functions of 'B-LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
"1. PRODUCE ANTIBODIES (ANTIBODIES ALSO PRODUCED BY PLASMA CELLS)
|
|
|
What are the functions of 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
"DIRECTLY 'DESTROY' SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
|
"1. 'CHRONIC CONDITION' DEFENSE
|
|
|
These type of 'LEUKOCYTES' 'INCREASE' during 'CHRONIC' conditions (e.g., tuberculosis/venereal disease).
|
MONOCYTES
|
|
|
These type of 'LEUKOCYTE' become 'MACROPHAGES' and are 'very active' in 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'. They can live for months and even years.
|
MONOCYTES
|
|
|
What is 'LEUKEMIA' defined as?
|
"MALIGNANT 'BLOOD DISEASE'
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"A SMALL 'INFECTION'
|
|
|
During 'LEUKEMIA', the 'WBC' count may reach what number?
|
500,000/mm^3 'WBCs'
|
|
|
*There are 2 of them"
|
"1. INFECTIONS
|
|
|
What is 'LEUKOPENIA' defined as?
|
DECREASED PRODUCTION OF 'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES).
|
|
|
What are the 3 possible causes for 'LEUKOPENIA'?
|
"1. RADIATION
|
|
|
What is the 'AVERAGE' number of 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) in the body?
|
150,000-350,000/mm^3 PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
|
|
|
What are 'THROMBOCYTES' also referred to as?
|
PLATELETS
|
|
|
What is a 'MEGAKARYOCYTE'?
|
VERY LARGE 'BONE MARROW CELL'
|
|
|
How are 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) formed?
|
PIECES OF 'CYTOPLASM' THAT ARE SAID TO 'CHIP' OFF.
|
|
|
What is the name of the 'recently' identified 'HORMONE' that is said to 'INCREASE' the number of 'MEGAKARYOCYTES'?
|
THROMBOPOIETIN
|
|
|
What produces 'PLATELETS'?
|
MEGAKARYOCYTES
|
|
|
Where does the 'DESTRUCTION' of 'PLATELETS' occur?
|
IN THE 'SPLEEN'
|
|
|
What is the 'LIFE SPAN' range of 'PLATELETS' (THROMBOCYTES)?
|
8 DAYS TO MANY MONTHS
|
|
|
What do 'PLATELETS' play an important role in?
|
BLOOD CLOTTING
|
|
|
How do 'PLATELETS' perform 'BLOOD CLOTTING'?
|
"'PLATELET PLUG' IS FORMED
|
|
|
'PLATELET PLUGS' are formed 'many' times during the day."
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
Why do 'PLATELETS' not form in the 'BLOOD VESSELS'?
|
BLOOD VESSELS ARE EXTREMELY SMOOTH WHICH DO 'NOT' ALLOW PLATELETS TO STICK TOGETHER.
|
|
|
When do 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together?
|
WHEN EXPOSED TO 'COLLAGEN' (A PROTEIN)
|
|
|
As 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together, 3 things are released. What are the 3 substances?
|
"1. ADP
|
|
|
The 'chemicals' that are released upon the formation of a 'PLATELET PLUG' stimulate what process to occur?
|
"STIMULATE 'VASOCONSTRICTION'
|
|
|
'PLATELETS' also contain a very high concentration of what 2 molecules that are also found in muscle tissue?
|
"1. ACTIN
|
|
|
Because of the 'ACTIN' and 'MYOSIN', 'PLATELETS' have the ability to do what in 'aggregated platelets'?
|
CONTRACT
|
|
|
The 'PLATELET PLUG' does 'NOT' expand and spread from damaged endothelium. Why does this happen?
|
"UNDAMAGED 'ENDOTHELIAL CELLS' secrete 'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2).
|
|
|
'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2) is also known as what?
|
PROSTACYCLIN
|
|
|
There are 2 chemicals that the body secretes in order to 'INHIBIT' 'PLATELET AGGREGATION' on 'undamaged endothelial cells'. What are the 2 chemicals?
|
"1. PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2)
|
|
|
'NITRIC OXIDE' has the ability to do 4 things with regards to 'PLATELET AGGREGATION'. What are they?
|
"1. CAUSES VASODILATION
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
|
"ABNORMALLY 'LOW' NUMBER OF PLATELETS
|
|
|
What is one of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
|
EXCESS BLEEDING
|
|
|
'THROMBOCYTOPENIA' may result from 2 causes. What are the 2 causes?
|
"1. IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA (UNKNOWN CAUSES)
|
|
|
What numbers of 'PLATELETS' (THROMBOCYTES) is considered to be 'LETHAL'?
|
~10,000/mm^3 PLATELETS
|
|
|
The 'BLEEDING' from many small vessels is known as what?
|
"THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA
|
|
|
How can 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA' be treated?
|
TRANSFUSIONS OF PACKETED PLATELETS
|
|
|
When the 'ENDOTHELIAL LINING' of a vessel is exposed to 'COLLAGEN PROTEINS', a process of 3 separate but overlapping mechanisms occurs. What are they?
|
"1. VASOCONSTRICTION
|
|
|
'VASOCONSTRICTION' is 'STIMULATED' by what during the 'BLOOD CLOTTING' process?
|
SEROTONIN
|
|
|
(*There are 3 things)"
|
"1. VESSEL WALL IS CUT OR BROKEN
|
|
|
In the absence of 'VESSEL DAMAGE', platelets are attracted to each other."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
What does the 'PLATELET PLUG' temporarily do?
|
TEMPORARILY 'CLOSES' THE VESSEL UNTIL CLOTTING MECHANISMS CAN FORM A CLOT.
|
|
|
What is the 'PLATELET PLUG' strengthened by?
|
PROTEIN FIBERS CALLED 'FIBRIN'
|
|
|
What are the two 'pathways' that result in the formation of 'FIBRIN'?
|
"1. INTRINSIC PATHWAY (Inside)
|
|
|
What is the main difference between 'EXTRINSIC' and 'INTRINSIC' pathways?
|
"1. EXTRINSIC = TISSUE DAMAGE
|
|
|
What 'CLOTTING FACTORS' does the 'INTRINSIC PATHWAY' have that the 'EXTRINSIC PATHWAY' does not?
|
FACTOR 9, 11 AND 12
|
|
|
(*Hint - They are 'PLASMA PROTEINS')"
|
MADE IN THE LIVER
|
|
|
What 'CONVERTS' 'PROTHROMBIN' to 'THROMBIN'?
|
CALCIUM
|
|
|
When 'THROMBIN' reacts with 'FIBRINOGEN' what is the result?
|
FIBRIN CLOT
|
|
|
What is the 'COLOR' of a 'CLOT'?
|
"NO COLOR
|
|
|
'CLOT RETRACTION' is also referred to as what?
|
SYNERESIS
|
|
|
'PLATELETS' play a role in bringing what closer together?
|
FIBRIN THREADS CLOSER TOGETHER
|
|
|
Why is 'CLOT RETRACTION' important?
|
"DURING 'INTRAVASCULAR CLOTS' THE CLOT IS ABLE TO PULL AWAY FROM THE WALL AND 'RESTORE BLOOD FLOW'
|
|
|
CLOTS DO NOT SHRINK IN SIZE"
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'FIBRINOGEN'?
|
I
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'PROTHROMBIN'?
|
II (2)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN'?
|
III (3)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'CALCIUM'?
|
IV (4)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN'?
|
VIII (8)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'CHRISTMAS FACTOR'?
|
IX (9)
|
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'FIBRIN STABILIZING FACTOR'?
|
XIII (13)
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'I'?
|
FIBRINOGEN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'II'?
|
PROTHROMBIN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'III'?
|
TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'IV'?
|
CALCIUM
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'VIII'?
|
ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'IX'?
|
CHRISTMAS FACTOR
|
|
|
What is the 'NAME' for clotting factor 'XIII'?
|
FIBRIN STABILIZING FACTOR
|
|
|
What 'CLOTTING FACTOR' is the cause of 'HEMOPHILIA'?
|
"FACTOR VIII (8)
|
|
|
What do 'ANTICOAGULANTS' do?
|
PREVENT 'BLOOD CLOTTING'
|
|
|
'ANTICOAGULANTS' are also referred to as what?
|
'BLOOD THINNERS'
|
|
|
How does it function?"
|
"ANTICOAGULANT (BLOOD THINNER)
|
|
|
How does it function?"
|
"INTERFERES WITH THE FORMATION OF 'THROMBIN' FROM 'PROTHROMBIN'
|
|
|
How do 'CITRATES', 'OXALATES' and 'EDTA' work as 'ANTICOAGULANTS?
|
TIE UP CALCIUM
|
|
|
Where is it 'STORED'?"
|
"PRODUCED = 'G.I. TRACT VIA BACTERIA'
|
|
|
'NEWBORN BABIES' do 'NOT' have 'BACTERIA' in their G.I. tract. Because of this, what usually happens after a baby is delivered?
|
INJECTED WITH A 'VITAMIN K' SHOT
|
|
|
What is the definition of 'FRIBRINOLYSIS'?
|
LYSIS OF CLOTS
|
|
|
How does the 'FIBRINOLYSIS' begin?
|
CLOT STIMULATES RELEASE OF A SUBSTANCE FROM THE 'WALL' OF A BLOOD VESSEL
|
|
|
There is an 'ACTIVATOR' located in the 'PLASMA' which stimulates what to occur? With what protein does this start with?
|
"LYSIS OF CLOTS
|
|
|
(*There are 4 steps)"
|
'PLASMINOGEN' -> 'PLASMIN' -> 'FIBRIN' -> DEGRADED FIBRIN PRODUCTS
|
|
|
What is the 'NATURALLY' ocurrig agent in the body that breaks up clots?
|
'PLASMIN'
|
|
|
'PLASMIN' is very 'QUICK' at removing clots in the body."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
What are the 4 conditions that can cause 'EXCESSIVE' bleeding in humans?
|
"1. LIVER DISEASE
|
|
|
When 'LIVER DISEASE' is a factor in excessive bleeding, what is happning?
|
LIVER IS 'DECREASING' PRODUCTION OF 'CLOTTING FACTORS'
|
|
|
Where are the 'MAJORITY' of clotting factors produced?
|
LIVER
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"EXCESSIVE BLEEDING
|
|
|
What 2 types are there?"
|
"LACK OF FACTOR VIII (8)
|
|
|
When 'HEMOPHILIA' is diagnosed, what is its most 'COMMON' form?
|
"HEMOPHILIA A
|
|
|
(*FACTOR 9 = CHRISTMAS FACTOR)"
|
HEMOPHILIA B
|
|
|
What is a 'THROMBUS' defined as?
|
CLOT THAT IS 'ATTACHED' TO A BLOOD VESSEL WALL
|
|
|
What is an 'EMBOLUS' defined as?
|
CLOT THAT 'DETACHES' from the wall and floats freely in the circulation.
|
|
|
'THROMBUS' formation is usually due to what 3 causes?
|
"1. TRAUMA (INJURY) TO BLOOD VESSEL
|
|
|
What is 'THROMBOCYHTEMIA' defined as?
|
"EXCESS PLATELETS
|
|
|
How does 'ASPIRIN' help fight against 'HEART ATTACKS'?
|
"INHIBITS PLATELET AGGREGATION AND THE RELEASE OF PLATELET CLOTTING FACTORS
|
|
|
There are 3 general 'LINES OF DEFENSE' in the body. What are they?
|
"1. EXTERNAL DEFENSE
|
|
|
What is the 'MAIN' source of 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' in the body?
|
SKIN
|
|
|
How does 'SKIN' work as an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' mechanism?
|
"ANATOMICAL BARRIER TO PENETRATION BY 'PATHOGENS'
|
|
|
What is 'LYSOZYME'?
|
'ENZYME' secreted from the skin that 'DESTROYS' bacteria.
|
|
|
There are 4 'MECHANISMS' in the body for modes of 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE'. What are they?
|
"1. SKIN
|
|
|
Why is the 'DIGESTIVE TRACT' considered to be an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE'?
|
THERE IS A 'HIGH ACIDITY' IN STOMACH ACID (pH=1 or 2)
|
|
|
Why is the 'RESPIRATORY TRACT' considered to be an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE'?
|
"MOVEMENT OF MUCUS BY CILIA
|
|
|
What is the 'GENITOURINARY TRACT' and how is it an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' mechanism?
|
"ACIDITY OF 'URINE'
|
|
|
There are 5 types of 'PHAGOCYTIC CELLS' involved in defense against disease. What are they and where are they?
|
"1. NEUTROPHILS (WBCs - BLOOD)
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'IMMUNITY'?
|
"1. NON-SPECIFIC
|
|
|
What is 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' defined as?
|
IMMUNITY THAT IS 'INHERIT AGAINST DISEASE'
|
|
|
What are the 5 different types of 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
|
"1. INFLAMMATION
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3 REASONS)"
|
"1. HELPS ISOLATE, DESTROY, INACTIVATE INVADING AGENTS.
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 3)"
|
"PROTEINS THAT ARE RELEASE FROM VIRUS-INFECTED
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 2 REASONS)"
|
"INHIBITS 'BACTERIA GROWTH'
|
|
|
What are 'NATURAL KILLER CELLS' and how do they help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
|
LYMPHOCYTE-LIKE CELLS THAT DESTROY VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS/CANCER CELLS
|
|
|
What is the 'COMPLEMENT SYSTEM' and how is it a help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
|
PLASMA 'PROTEINS' THAT DESTROY FOREIGN CELLS BY ATTACKING THEIR PLASMA MEMBRANES
|
|
|
How does it work?"
|
"SYSTEM THAT RESPONDS 'SELECTIVELY' TO INVADING AGENTS
|
|
|
Why in 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' does the first exposure cause harm to the individual whereas the second exposure does not?
|
"TAKES BODY SEVERAL DAYS TO MOUNT AN 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'
|
|
|
What is an 'ANTIGEN'
|
AN 'INVANDING AGENT' THAT INITATES A 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' RESPONSE
|
|
|
What is the 2nd exposure of the reaction between an 'ANTIGEN' and an 'ANTIBODY' called?
|
IMMUNE REACTION
|
|
|
There are 2 'BROAD TYPES' of 'SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES'. What are they?
|
"1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
|
|
|
What is 'HUMORAL IMMUNITY' defined as?
|
"HUMORAL = FLUID = BONE MARROW = (B-LYMPHOCYTES)
|
|
|
What is 'CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY' defined as?
|
"DESTRUCTION BY THE 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'
|
|
|
T-CELLS DO 'NOT' SECRETE ANTIBODIES"
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
What is an example where this is important?"
|
"ABILITY TO 'DISTINGUISH' MATERIAL THAT IS 'SELF' FROM MATERIAL THAT IS 'NON-SELF'
|
|
|
What is 'AUTOIMMUNITY' defined as?
|
FORMATION OF 'ANTIBODIES' AGAINST A PERSON'S OWN TISSUES
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)"
|
"1. RHEUMATIC FEVER
|
|
|
What is 'RHEUMATIC FEVER' defined as?
|
"ANTIBODIES THAT ARE PRODUCED AGAINST 'STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIA' CROSS REACT WITH THE HEART AND KIDNEY TISSUES.
|
|
|
What is 'GRAVE'S DISEASE'?
|
ANTIBODIES STIMULATE THYROID GLAND WHICH MIMIC 'THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)'.
|
|
|
What is 'ACTIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
"THE BODY 'ACTIVELY' FORMS ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTIGENS THAT IT HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO.
|
|
|
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
|
"1. MEASELS
|
|
|
What is a 'VACCINE'?
|
"DEAD PIECES OF THE INVADER
|
|
|
What is 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
TRANSFUSING A PERSON WITH 'ANTIBODIES' IN PLASMA FROM SOMEONE ELSE THAT HAS BEEN ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED AGAINST A 'SPECIFIC ANTIGEN'.
|
|
|
What is the problem with 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
'ANTIBODIES' DO NOT LAST LONG AND START TO DEGRADE SO IMMUNITY IS 'NOT' PERMANENT.
|
|
|
What are some examples of 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
|
"1. RHOGAM SHOT
|
|
|
Passive Immunization with antibodies can 'ONLY' be accomplished with human immunoglobulins."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
When is 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY' beneficial?
|
"1. INDIVIDUALS UNABLE TO FORM ANTIBODIES
|
|
|
A person with type 'A' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
TYPE A ANTIGENS
|
|
|
A person with type 'B' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
TYPE B ANTIGENS
|
|
|
A person with type 'AB' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
TYPE AB ANTIGENS
|
|
|
A person with type 'O' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
|
'NO' ANTIGENS
|
|
|
Approximately how long after 'BIRTH' does the body begin to produce 'ANTIBODIES' in their 'blood'?
|
2-8 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH
|
|
|
'ANTIBODIES' in the 'BLOOD' are also called what?
|
AGGLUTININS
|
|
|
Where are 'ANTIGENS' located with regards to 'BLOOD'?
|
'ON' THE RED BLOOD CELL
|
|
|
What do 'ANTIBODIES/AGGLUTININS' do?
|
REACT W/ ANTIGENS OF OTHER BLOOD
|
|
|
What is considered to be the 'UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT'?
|
AB BLOOD TYPE
|
|
|
What is considered to be the 'UNIVERSAL DONOR'?
|
O
|
|
|
What happens if 'BLOOD TYPES' do not match during a 'TRANSFUSION'?
|
"RECIPIENT'S ANTIBODIES 'ATTACH' TO THE DONOR'S RED BLOOD CELL 'ANTIGENS'
|
|
|
What is 'HEMOLYSIS'?
|
"RED BLOOD CELLS RUPTURE (LYSE)
|
|
|
How many types of 'Rh' antigens are there? Which is the most common?
|
"6 COMMON TYPES OF 'Rh' ANTIGENS. ALSO CALLED 'Rh FACTOR'
|
|
|
Are more people 'Rh-' or 'Rh+'?
|
MORE ARE 'Rh+'
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"'Rh GROUP'
|
|
|
When the 'Rh GROUP' is 'NOT' compatible during pregnancy and the 'MOTHER'S' antibodies attack the 'ANTIGENS' of the baby, what is this called?
|
'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS'
|
|
|
Which form of the 'Rh GROUP' is the only one to 'PRODUCE ANTIBODIES'?
|
ONLY 'Rh -' CREATES ANTIBODIES
|
|
|
What is 'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' defined as?
|
"'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' IN NEWBORN 'Rh +' BABY.
|
|
|
FATHER = 'Rh -'"
|
"NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh +'"
|
"'ANTIBODIES' ARE CREATED
|
|
|
BABY = 'Rh -'"
|
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
|
|
|
Why?"
|
"'RHOGAM SHOT'
|
|
|
'A BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'A BLOOD TYPE'
|
|
|
'B BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'B BLOOD TYPE'
|
|
|
'AB BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'AB BLOOD TYPE'
|
|
|
'O BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
|
"'NO ANTIGENS'
|
|
|
Where are the 'ANTIBODIES' for a specific blood type located?
|
ANTIBODIES = 'PLASMA'
|
|
|
Where are the 'ANTIGENS' for a specific blood type located?
|
ANTIGENS = 'ATTACHED TO BLOOD CELL'
|
|
|
4. 60%"
|
1. 45%
|
|
|
4. 500,000"
|
3. 2.5 MILLION
|
|
|
4. ADH"
|
3. ERYTHROPOIETIN
|
|
|
4. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA"
|
1. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
|
|
|
4. LYMPHOCYTES AND NEUTROPHILS"
|
3. LYMPHOCYTES ANO MONOCYTES
|
|
|
4. THROMBOXANE A2"
|
2. PLASMIN
|
|
|
4. A BLOOD CLOT FORMED IN THE HEART"
|
3. A BLOOD CLOT THAT DETACHES FROM A BLOD VESSEL WALL AND FLAOTS FREELY
|
|
|
4. AUTO IMMUNITY"
|
4. AUTO IMMUNITY
|
|
|
4. TYPE B"
|
"2. TYPE AB
|
