Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the three basic functions of the circulatory system? |
*transportation *regulation *protection |
|
|
What does the the circulatory system transport? |
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste (cellular metabolic waste) |
|
|
What does the circulatory system regulate? |
The acidity of the body, temperature, and water content |
|
|
What does the circulatory system protect against? |
Disease by white blood cells and antibodies |
|
|
What does the cardiovascular system include? |
a circulation transport system |
|
|
What is included in the circulation transport system? (components) |
*blood (fluid medium) *heart (a pump) *blood vessels (a conducting system) |
|
|
What are the formed elements as compared to the plasma of blood? |
Formed elements: cells and cell fragments including RBCs(erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), and platelets Plasma blood: Clear, light yellow fluid constituting a littleover half the blood volume (plasma proteins, other solutes, and water) |
|
|
In a hematocrit, what is the typical percentage of each: plasma, buffy coat, and RBCs? |
Plasma: 55% Buff coat: less than 1% Erythrocytes (RBCs): 45% |
|
|
What determines blood type? |
It is determined by the presence or absence of the antigens (A and B) on the RBCs surface. The plasma membrane of a mature RBC has glycoproteins andglycolipids in the outer surface that determine a person’s blood type. |
|
|
What are erythrocytes? |
Anerythrocyte is a discoid cell with a thick rim and a thin sunken center; RBCslose nearly all organelles during their development and are thus remarkablydevoid of internal structure. RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentationto produce ATP. The lack of aerobic respiration prevents them from consumingthe oxygen that they must transport to other tissues (Lack mitochondria,nucleus and DNA – incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis). RBC cytoplasmconsists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin. Its cell shape allows for amuch greater ratio of surface are to volume, which enables oxygen and carbondioxide to diffuse quickly to and from the hemoglobin |
|
|
What is the major function of erythrocytes? |
picks up oxygen from lungs and deliver it totissues elsewhere; picks up carbon dioxide from tissues and unload it in lungs |
|
|
What is the function of hemoglobin? |
Hemoglobinbind oxygen in the lungs and release it in tissues - Hemoglobin transport 97%of oxygen and 23% of carbon dioxide, it also releases nitric oxide whichparticipates in the regulation of blood flow |
|
|
What ion is required for hemoglobin to function properly? |
Nitric oxide--it is a vasodilator which can increase blood flow when it is released |
|
|
What is the basic chemical structure of hemoglobin? |
Hemoglobinis composed of four iron containing parts called heme and a protein groupcalled globin - Each iron in the heme bind one oxygen molecule. |
|
|
How many oxygen molecules can be carried on each hemoglobin molecule? |
Each iron in the heme can bind to one oxygen molecule, so it can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules. |
|
|
Where does hemoglobin bind and where is it released? |
It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases in the tissues |
|
|
Type A RBCs have... |
A antigen only |
|
|
Type B RBCs have... |
B antigen only |
|
|
Type AB RBCs have... |
both A and B antigens |
|
|
Type O RBCs have... |
no antigens |
|
|
What is anemia? |
a condition where a person is deficient in RBCs or hemoglobin |
|
|
What is primary polycythemia? |
cancer of the erythropoietic cell line in the red bone marrow--makes erythrocytes uncontrollably--increased blood volume, viscosity, and pressure--treatment is phlebotomy, radiation, interferon, and immunosuppression |
|
|
What is secondary/relative polycythemia?
|
due to hypoxemic stimulation of erythropoietin secretion by high altitude, emphysema, smoking, air pollution, excessive exercise, etc--increases in RBC numbers and is a physiological response--increased blood volume, viscosity, and pressure--treatment of hypoxemia causes and rehydration |
|
|
What is hemorrhagic anemia? |
whole blood loss by bleeding--accident or injury |
|
|
What is hemolytic anemia? |
destruction of RBCs by disease, drugs, or toxins--breakdown of RBCs is faster than normal |
|
|
What is aplastic/hypoplastic anemia? |
destruction of myeloid tissues by radiation, toxins, or viruses--aplastic is red bone marrow is not working period and you are unable to make RBCs--hypoplastic is working at a low level and can make a small amount of RBCs |
|
|
What is pernicious/megaloblastic anemia? |
deficiency of intrinsic factor causing low Vit B12 absorption producing megaloblastic RBCs |
|
|
What is iron deficiency anemia? |
causing low hemoglobin synthesis |
|
|
What is erythropoietin anemia? |
low erythropoietin due to kidney failure causing low erythropoiesis--kidney normally makes 90% of erythrocytes |
|
|
What enzyme is critical for the function of RBCs? |
Carbonic anhydrase (CAH), which catalyzes the reaction CO2+H2O <-> H2CO3; it also plays a role ingas transport and pH balance |
|
|
Describe the feedback mechanism for erythrocyte homeostasis. |
Negativefeedback mechanism: kidneys detect hypoxemia (oxygen deficiency in blood), andincrease erythropoietin (EPO) output, which reverses hypoxemia by increasingRBC count |
|
|
Where is erythropoietin produced? |
EPOhormone is produced by kidneys |
|
|
What are the signals for increased production and release of EPO? |
Lowoxygen in blood increases production and release of EPO, which stimulates redbone marrow to accelerate erythropoiesis and RBC count increases |
|
|
Can strenuous exercise stimulate EPO production? |
Yes,strenuous exercise can create a state of hypoxemia that stimulateserythropoiesis |
|
|
What are therapeutic usages for synthetic EPO? |
Used for patients with anemia caused by kidneysdysfunction, dysfunctional bone marrow, chemotherapy, AIDS, and cancer |
|
|
What is hypoxemia? |
oxygen deficiency in the blood |
|
|
What does anemia cause? |
*tissue hypoxemia and necrosis *shortness of breath and lethargy *increased heart rate *decreases blood pressure and edema *can treat it by treating the cause of the anemia |
|
|
What determines the blood oxygen carrying capacity? |
RBC count and hemoglobin amount |
|
|
What B vitamins are required for RBC synthesis? |
vitamin B12 |
|
|
What form of iron is typically found in the diet? |
Fe2+and Fe3+ are typically found in the diet |
|
|
What is it converted to in the stomach? |
Fe3+is converted to Fe2+ |
|
|
What binding and transport proteins are involved iniron movement and storage? |
Gastroferritinbinds Fe2+ and transports it to small intestine. Transferrinbinds to Fe2+ in blood plasma Inliver, some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage, which binds to apoferritinto be stored as ferritin |
|
|
What is an erythroblast? |
EPOstimulates ECFU (erythrocyte colony-forming units) to transform into erythroblasts, which multiply andsynthesize hemoglobin |
|
|
What is haptoglobin? |
Haptoglobin:a protein present in blood serum that binds to and transports free hemoglobinfrom the bloodstream (released by dead erythrocytes) |
|
|
What is polycythemia and what are the dangers of thiscondition? |
Polycythemia:RBC excess (increasedblood volume, viscosity and pressure) |
|
|
What type of polycythemia would phlebotomy treat? |
Primary Polycythemia (Vera) |
|
|
What is primary polycythemia? |
cancer of the erythropoietin cell line in the redbone marrow *Treatment:phlebotomy, radiation, interferonand immunosuppression |
|
|
What is secondary/relative polycythemia? |
due to hypoxemic stimulation of erythropoietinsecretion by high altitude, emphysema, smoking, air pollution, excessiveexercise, etc. *Treatment:treatment of hypoxemia causes and rehydration |
|
|
What disease is characterized by total destruction of myeloid tissue? |
Aplastic anemia: total destruction of myeloid tissue |
|
|
What organ produces all plasma proteins exceptantibodies? |
Liver (antibodies are descended by B lymphocytes in plasmacells – gamma globulins) |
|
|
What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins andthe basic function of each? |
·Albumin (~60%): controls blood viscosity,pressure, osmolarity, flow and fluid balance – transports lipids, hormones andelectrolytes ·Fibrinogen (~4%): blood clotting precursor ·Regulatory proteins (~1%): proenzymes, enzymes, andhormones *globulins (~36%) |
|
|
What are the three types of globulins? |
*alpha (smallest) *beta (intermediate size) *gamma (largest) |
|
|
Describe the three types of alpha globulins. |
*Haptoglobulin: transports hemoglobin *Ceruloplasmin: transports copper *Prothrombin: blood clotting enzyme |
|
|
Describe the two types of beta globulins. |
*Transferrin: transports iron *Complementproteins: immunefunction |
|
|
Describe gamma globulins. |
Antibodies produced by plasma cells during an immune response |
|
|
What is sickle cell disease? |
A hereditary defect in the Hb beta-globin chain producing (HbS)in Africans. *homozygousto (HbS) *Shortlife expectancy of 2 to 50 years *Hypoxemiaelongates hemoglobin and forms sickle-shaped RBCs *Elasticand sticky RBCs causes blood vessels and capillaries blockage *Intensepain, fatigue, paralysis, stroke, kidney or heart failure may occur |
|
|
What is sickle cell trait? |
* heterozygousfor (HbS) and malaria resistant |
|
|
What is the consequence of low serum albumen on tissuefluid in the extracellular space (outside the blood vessels)? |
Low serum albumin on tissue fluid inextracellular space will cause fluid movement into the tissue (edema) |
|
|
What is the colloid osmotic pressure? |
contribution of protein to blood osmoticpressure |
|
|
What is ABO agglutination caused by? |
transfusion rejection |
|
|
What is a donor? |
person giving blood |
|
|
What is a recipient? |
person getting blood |
|
|
If donor and recipient blood type are not compatible... |
recipient plasma antibodies will attack antigens on donated RBCs, blood agglutination (clumping), and RBCs hemolysis occurs |
|
|
What are the 3 types of granulocytes? |
*neutrophils *eosinophil *basophil |
|
|
What is the function of neutrophils? Describe the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
*bacterial infection and phagocytes *segmented nucleus and pink granules |
|
|
What is the function of eosinophils? Describe the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
*parasites and anti-inflammatory *bilobed nucleus and bright orange granules |
|
|
What is the function of basophils? Describe the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
*allergies and inflammation *bilobed nucleus and dark purple granules |
|
|
What are the two types of agranulocytes? |
*monocytes *lymphocytes |
|
|
What is the function of monocytes? Describe the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
*viral infection and tissue macrophages *kidney shaped nucleus and blue cytoplasm |
|
|
What is the function of lymphocytes? Describe the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
*immunity *spherical nucleus and blue cytoplasm ring |
|
|
What is leukopoeisis? |
*production of white blood cells (begins withpluriporent stem cells – some differentiate into distinct types ofcolony-fomring units and then go on to produce: lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells |
|
|
What do lymphoid stem cells become? |
lymphoblasts-->lymphocytes |
|
|
What do myeloid stem cells become? |
monoblasts--> monocytes myeloblasts--> neutrophils, eosinophils basophils |
|
|
What is leukopenia? |
A leukocyte disorder of low WBCs (<5000/nL) *treated with steroids and improved nutrition |
|
|
What is leukocytosis? |
A leukocyte disorder of high WBCs (>10,000/nL) *treated by infections management and with leukapheresis (plasma dialysis) |
|
|
What is leukemia? |
A leukocyte disorder of cancer of hemopoietic tissues *treated with targeted radiation and chemotherapy |
|
|
What is the function of platelets? |
Platelet plug formation in blood clotting |
|
|
What large cell gives rise to platelets and where are they located? |
Megakaryocyte in Redbone marrow |
|
|
Discuss the basics of hemostasis. (responses that stop bleeding) |
*vascular phase *platelets phase *coagulation phase |
|
|
What happens during vascular phase? |
contraction of theinjured blood vessel smooth muscle fibers called vascular spasm to reduce theblood vessel diameter and decrease loss of blood |
|
|
What happens during platelets phase? |
platelets plugformation |
|
|
What happens during the coagulation phase? |
·Clotting process called coagulation ·Clot consists of fibrin fibers and trapped formedblood elements ·Clot closes the broken blood vessel ·Clot formation requires the presence and activationof clotting factors and calcium |
|
|
What are the three stages of the coagulation pathway? |
*formation of prothrombinase *formation of thrombin *formation of fibrin fibers |
|
|
What are the two pathways of prothrombinase? |
*extrinsic pathway: damaged tissue-->tissue factor--> activation of clotting factor 7 *intrinsic pathway: activation of platelets by collagen --> platelet factors --> activation of clotting factor 10 *common pathway: factor 7 + factor 10 make prothrombinase |
|
|
What kind of trauma involves extrinsic pathways? |
*tissue trauma *factor 7 *Ca2+ *prothrombinase is made |
|
|
What kind of trauma involves intrinsic pathway? |
*blood trauma
*factor 10 *Ca2+ *prothrombinase is made |
|
|
How is thrombin formed? |
Prothrombin --> prothrombinase --> thrombin |
|
|
How are fibrin fibers formed? |
fibrinogen --> thrombin --> fibrin fibers |
|
|
What is fibrinolysis? |
removal of clot after healing |
|
|
What is kallikrein? |
an enzyme that transforms plasminogen into plasmin
|
|
|
What does plasmin do? |
it breaks the fibrin polymers and turns them into degradation products |
|
|
What is an intravascular clot? |
A clot within a closed blood vessel. A damaged vessel lining or slowing of blood flow can happen. Platelets aggregate and release clotting factors. A clot forms called a thrombus. A moving piece of the clot is an embolus. Clot moves downstream and blocks smaller vessels causing thromboembolism. |
|
|
What can a thromboembolism do? |
It can cut off blood supply to the heart causing a heart attack or to the brain causing a stroke. |
|
|
What is an embolism? |
blocking of an artery |
|
|
What is a thrombosis? |
local coagulation or clotting of the blood in apart of the circulatory system |
|
|
What is hemophilia? |
*Adisorder in which blood doesn't clot normally. Caused by a genetic deficiencyof a clotting factor in males *Hemophilia A: 83% males only (missing clottingfactor VIII) *Hemophilia B: 15% males only (missing clothingfactor IX) *Hemophilia C: males & females (missing clottingfactor XI) |
|
|
What is thrombocytopenia? |
deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causesbleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury |
|
|
What clot prevention drugs have we learned about? |
*heparin *coumadin *aspirin *clopidogrel *hirudin *EDTA *CPD |
|
|
What is heparin? |
blocks prothrombinactivator formation and enhances anti-thrombin activity |
|
|
What is coumadin? |
(warfarin) antagonist of vitamin K |
|
|
What does aspirin do? |
inhibits thromboxane A2 |
|
|
What does clopidogrel do? |
inhibits fibrin formation |
|
|
What does hirudin do? |
a thrombin inhibitfrom leech saliva (restores circulation and enhance tissue survival aftersurgery) |
|
|
What is hemopoiesis? |
*formation of all the blood cells
*happens in red bone marrow and lymph tissue hemocytoblast (stem cell) --> lymphoid or myeloid stem cells lymphoid: produce WBCs called lymphocytes myeloid: produce RBCs, platelets, 4 WBCs |
|
|
Why do men have higher RBC counts? |
*androgens in men stimulate RBC production *loss of RBCs in women during menstruation *RBCs count and percentage of body fat are inversely proportional |
|
|
What is the route of erythropoiesis? |
heopoietic pluripotent stem cell --> erythrocyte colony forming unit --> erythroblast --> reticulocytes --> erythrocytes |
|
|
What stimulates erythropoiesis? |
decreased RBC count --> tissue hypoxemia --> kidney and liver secrete erythropoietin hormone --> bone marrow stimulation --> erythroblasts --> erythrocytes |
|
|
What is thalassemia? |
*hereditary defect causing absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin chains in mediterraneans *results in chronic hemolytic anemias, anemias with RBC counts less than 2 million/uL, fatigue, splenomegaly, and heart enlargement |
|
|
What is malaria? |
A hemolytic disease that lives in RBCs that multiply and break them. Easy to treat, but over 40% of world population is at risk. *treatment with chloroquine/quinine and artemisia (artemisinin) |
|
|
How is the Rh blood type determined? |
by the presence or absence of the Rh antigens on the RBC surface (d antigen) |
|
|
Rh antigen present means? |
Rh positive (A+, B+, AB+, O+) |
|
|
Rh antigen absent means? |
Rh negative (A-, B-, AB-, O-) |
|
|
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)? |
*results from Rh incompatibility between Rh - mother and Rh + baby conceived from Rh + father *when Rh + first born child is born, mother is sensitized and her plasma has anti-Rh antibodies to destroy Rh+ RBCs of second baby |
|
|
What is thrombopoietin? |
Platelet formation in the liver myeloid stem cell --> megakaryoblast --> megakaryocyte --> platelets |
|
|
What is thrombocytopenia? |
low platelet count |
