Blood A And P 2

Front 1

The blood functions in waste regulation, ---------, immune defense, water and ph balance, transport

Back 1

thermoregulation

Front 2

Adults have 4=5 --------- of blood.

Back 2

liters

Front 3

Plasma is a clear ---------- liquid and formed elements are blood cells and platelets.

Back 3

extracellular

Front 4

Properties of the blood: viscostiy or ----------- to flow.

Back 4

resistance

Front 5

Properties of the blood: osmolarity or total molarity of -------------- ------------

Back 5

dissolved particles

Front 6

Plasma is 55 percent of the blood and 45 percent is ______ _______

Back 6

formed elements

Front 7

Formed elements are blood cells and ______

Back 7

platelets

Front 8

viscosity is resistance to _____

Back 8

flow

Front 9

osmolarity is the total molarity of dissolved ______ If too high, fluid absorption into the blood causes high BP. If too low fluid remains in the tissues causing edema. One cause is deficiency of plasma protein due to disease

Back 9

particles

Front 10

The cardiovascular system consists of the blood, heart, and blood +++++

Back 10

vessels

Front 11

Blood is a ______tissue composed of plasma, the liquid portion, and cells and cell fragments.

Back 11

connective

Front 12

Blood transports O2 carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and _______

Back 12

hormones

Front 13

It helps regulate ph, body temperature, and ++++ content of the cells.

Back 13

water

Front 14

Plasma is 55 percent of the blood. ++++ of the blood is H2O and 8.5 percent is +++++

Back 14

91.5 percent plasma
solutes

Front 15

There aer three types of solutes in the plasma protein: albumen, is most _____, and globulin and fibrogen

Back 15

abundant

Front 16

Blood provides protection through _____ and by combating toxins and microbes thru phagocytic white blood cells (monocytes) or white blood cells or specialized plasma proteins.

Back 16

clotting

Front 17

The viscosity of blood, stemming, mainly from RBC's and proteins, is an important factor in blood _____

Back 17

flow

Front 18

Blood consists of 45 percent formed elements and 55 percent +++++

Back 18

plasma

Front 19

The hematocrit is the percentage of total blood volume occupied by ____ blood cells.

Back 19

red

Front 20

Protein is the most abundant plasma solute by weight. The 3 major plasma proteins are: albumins, globulins, and fibrogen. Albumin is the _____ abundant. produced by the liver.

Back 20

most

Front 21

The liver produces all plasma proteins except Y globulins or antibodies, which are produced by the +++++ cells.

Back 21

plasma

Front 22

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances in the plasma include amino acids and _______ wastes. The most abundant nitrogneous wastes is ______

Back 22

nitrogenous
urea

Front 23

Fibrinogen produced by the

Back 23

liver

Front 24

Nutrients carried in the plasma include glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, +++++++, vitamens, and minerals. The most important electrolyte is Na.

Back 24

phospholipids

Front 25

If plasma is allowed to clot, what remains is called _____

Back 25

serum

Front 26

Albumins contribute to the viscosity and osmolarity of the blood and fluences ++++ and fluid balance.

Back 26

BP

Front 27

Globulins are antibodies that provide immune system ______ alpha, beta, and gamma globules

Back 27

defenses

Front 28

Fibrinogen is a precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood ++++

Back 28

clots

Front 29

All plasma proteins are formed by the liver except ______ which are produced by plasma cells descended from B lymphoctyes.

Back 29

globulins

Front 30

Nonprotein components of Plasma Plasma contains nitrogenous compounds. Amino acids from ____ protein or tissue breakdown.

Back 30

dietary

Front 31

Nitrogenous wastes or urea are toxic and products of ________

Back 31

catabolism

Front 32

Urea is normally removed from the blood by the _____

Back 32

kidneys

Front 33

Nonprotein nutrients in the blood are glucose vitamens, fats, and ______ Some O2 and CO2 are transported in plasma.

Back 33

minerals

Front 34

Hemopoiesis is the production of the formed +++++ of blood.

Back 34

elements

Front 35

Hemopoiesis begins in the embryonic ____ sac and continues in the fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus. From infancy onward, it occurs in lymphoid hemopoiesis.

Back 35

yolk

Front 36

Myeloid hemopoiesis begins with pluripotent stem cells called _______

Back 36

hemocytoblasts

Front 37

Hemopoietic tissues produce blood ++++. Yolk sac in vertebrae embryo produce stem cells that colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus.

Back 37

cells

Front 38

Liver stops producing blood cells at birth, but spleen and thymus remain involved with white ++++++ cell production.

Back 38

blood

Front 39

Myeloid hemopoiesis begins with pluripotent stem cells called +++++++ Some of their daughter cells differentiate into committed cells, which have receptors for various stimulatory chemicals and are destined to develop into one specific type or group of ++++++ ++++++

Back 39

hemocytoblasts
formed elements

Front 40

Erythropoiesis, the production of RBCs is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidney.. It is regulated by a +++++ +++++ loop that responds to +++++++ , or decrease in O2 in blood, with increased EPO secretion and thus erythropoiesis.

Back 40

negative feedback
hypoxemia

Front 41

Leukopoiesis, the production of WBCs follows three lines starting with B and T progenitor and granulocytmacrophage colony forming units, which become granulocytes and monocytes. These commited cells develop into mature ______ under the influence of colony stimulating factors.

Back 41

WBCs

Front 42

Lymphoid hemipoiesis in widely distributed lymphoid _____, such as thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and peyser patch in intestine. Red bone marrow produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

Back 42

tissues

Front 43

Osmolarity is the total molarity of --------- particles. If too high, fluid absorption into the blood causes high ____ and if too low, fluid remains in the tissues causing _____

Back 43

dissolved
BP
edema

Front 44

Buffy coat= leukocytes and platelets are less than ___ of the whole blood

Back 44

1 percent

Front 45

The formed elements include: _____ which is 55 percent, the buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets, and ethrocytes or 45 percent of whole blood. Centrifuging blood forces _____ elements to separate from plasma

Back 45

plasma
formed

Front 46

Plasma contains ntrigoeous compounds: amino acids from dietary protein or tissue breakdown and nitrogenous _____ or urea are toxic end products of catabolism.

Back 46

waste

Front 47

The formed elements are the ____ in the blood

Back 47

solids

Front 48

Hemopoiesis is the production of the formed _____ in the blood.

Back 48

elements

Front 49

Thrombopoiesis is the production of ---------, and is stimulated by thrombopoietin, a hormone that induces the formation of large cells called ++++++, which pinch off bits of peripheral cytoplasm that break up into platelets.

Back 49

platelets
megakaryocytes

Front 50

The function of RBCs is _____ O2 amd CO2.

Back 50

transport

Front 51

Ethryocytes are _____ cells with a sunken center and no organelles.

Back 51

discoid or donut

Front 52

Ethyrypoitin is produced in the ++++++

Back 52

Kidney

Front 53

There are ____ million discoid or donut shaped red blood cells. Ethyropoises is the formation of

Back 53

4-6
RBCs

Front 54

The pigment of RBC is ______

Back 54

hemoglobin

Front 55

Check RBC to dertermine the normal count of RBC in the ____

Back 55

body

Front 56

99percent of 45 percent is RBC and 1percent of of 45 percent is WBC and

Back 56

platelets

Front 57

RBCs are discoid shape with a sunken center and no organelles but they have a cytoskeleton of spectrin and actin that reinforces ____ membrane.

Back 57

plasma

Front 58

The most important components of the cytoplasm are ____ and CAH or carbonic anhydrase. Hb transports nearly all of the ____ and O2 in the blood, CAH catablyzes the reversible reaction CO2 + H20 arrow both ways H2CO3

Back 58

Hb
CO2

Front 59

Hb consists of 4 proteins 2 alpha and ____ _____ chains, each with a heme moiety.

Back 59

2 beta

Front 60

Hormones help with ethropises Ethryopiotin in the kidney and testosterone in ____

Back 60

males

Front 61

An excessive RBC count is_____. Primary polycythemia results from cancer of bone ______ Seconday polycythemia comes from dehydration, smoking, _____ altitude, and strenuous exercise. Polycythemia increases ______ to sometimes dangerous levels.

Back 61

polycythemia.
marrow
viscosity

Front 62

A deficiency of RBCs is______
Anemia can result from inadequate _______, hemorrage, or hemolysis.

Back 62

anemia
ethyropoiesis

Front 63

The effects of anemia include tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced blood ______, and reduced blood viscosity.

Back 63

osmolarity

Front 64

Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia and hereditary hemoglobin defects result in severe ______

Back 64

anemia

Front 65

Leukopenia is a WBC defiiciency. May result from chemical or radiation poisoning, _____, and certain drugs.

Back 65

infections

Front 66

There are 4 types of anemia. Lack of ______ factor, which helps in absorption of vitamen B12 and helps form red blood cells. Called Vitamen _____. No vitamen B12 causes _____ of cells.

Back 66

intrinsic
B-12 cofactor
clumping

Front 67

Another of the 4 types of anemia= Sickle cell cause sickle shaped. Caused by a lack of O2 _____

Back 67

tension

Front 68

The hemocytoblast is the first stem cell produced in the embryo in ____ sac,

Back 68

yolk

Front 69

Another of the 4 types of anemia. Hemolytic is a _____ of red blood cells. Chemotherapy can cause.

Back 69

breakdown

Front 70

Iron deficiency is common in ---------

Back 70

anemia

Front 71

The quantities of RBCs and Hb are clinically important. They are measured in terms of _______ or the presence of the blood volume composed by RBCs, hemoglobin concentration in g/dL, and RBC _____ or RBCs/uL of Blood. Normal averages are _____ in women than men.

Back 71

hermatocrit
count
lower

Front 72

WBC's paly various roles in defending the body from pathogens or _____. Neutrophils, eoinophils, and basophils are classified as _____. Agranulocytes are monocytes and _______

Back 72

bacteria
granulocytes
lymphocytes

Front 73

A WBC excess called leukocytosis may result from infection, allergy, or from ______, the cancer of the hemopoietic tissue.

Back 73

leukemia

Front 74

Leukemia is classified as site of origin as myeloid or _____, and by speed of progression as acute or _____

Back 74

lymphoid
chronic

Front 75

Leukemia increases the risk of opportunistic infection and is typically accompanied by RBC and _____ deficiencies.

Back 75

platelet

Front 76

RBC deficiency is anemia. The four types are inadequate _______, hemorrhage, hemolysis, and sickle cell anemia.

Back 76

ethyropoiesis

Front 77

Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and _________ Least abundant formed element is _______

Back 77

basinophils
basinophils

Front 78

Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and ________

Back 78

monocytes

Front 79

Leukocytes are WBCs, nucleated, and formed in bone marrow from the same stem cell as RBCs, ________

Back 79

hematoblast

Front 80

Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that ____differently with Wright's stain, and peculiarly shaped lobes and expanded nuclear regions.

Back 80

stain

Front 81

Neutrophils are phagocytes and increase during acute _____

Back 81

infection

Front 82

Basophil is the least abundant ______

Back 82

leukocyte

Front 83

Esoinophils lessen ____attacks by phagocytizing antigen antibody complexes and inactivating inflammatory chemicals.

Back 83

allergy

Front 84

Monocytes are the largest of the leukocytes and twice the size of red blood ____

Back 84

cells

Front 85

To make a differential white blood cell count, 100 WBCs are _____ and classified to type.

Back 85

counted

Front 86

WBC count number _____/total number counted x 100

Back 86

observed

Front 87

The functions of the blood are: protection, regulation, and ____

Back 87

transport

Front 88

When the blood clots and the solids are removed, the remaining fluid is the blood ++++

Back 88

serum

Front 89

Albumin affects osmolarity and ______

Back 89

viscosity

Front 90

Globulins are divided into 3 classes: alpha, beta, and ____
Play various roles in solute, transport, clotting, and _____

Back 90

gamma
immunity

Front 91

Fibrinogen is a precursor of fibrin that forms framework of a blood ____

Back 91

clot

Front 92

Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the _____ of its particles.

Back 92

cohesion

Front 93

An RBC or protein deficiency reduces _____ and causes blood to flow too easily whereas an excess causes blood to flow too sluggishly. Puts strain on heart.

Back 93

viscosity

Front 94

The osmolarity of blood is the total ++++ of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall. The rate of reabsorption is governed by the relative osmolarity of the blood versus the tissue _____. This raises the blood volume resulting in elevated BP and strain on heart. If the osmolarity drops, the tissues become edemous and the BP decreases.

Back 94

molarity
fluid.

Front 95

The production of the blood especially its formed elements is _____ tissues.

Back 95

hemopoietic

Front 96

Blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs is called myeloid and ______ hemopoiesis.

Back 96

lymphoid

Front 97

The tissues that produce blood cells are called hemopoietic tissues. The first hemopoietic is called _______All formed elements trace their origins to a common type of bone marrow stem cell, the pluripotent ___cell, formerly called a hemocytoblast.Some of them go on to develop into more specialized cells called colony-forming ++++, each type destined to produce one or another class of formed elements.

Back 97

hemopoiesis
stem
units

Front 98

Blood plasma also requires continual replacement. It is composed primarily of ____which it obtains from reabsorption from digestive tract. Gets electrolytes there also. Gets gamma globulins from _____connective tissue +++++ cells and its other proteins from ++++

Back 98

water
plasma
liver

Front 99

The plasma membrane of mature RBC has glycolipids and glycoproteins on the outter surface to determine -------- type. On inner surface, spectrin and actin, two cytoskeleton proteins that give the membrane resiliency and durability.

Back 99

blood

Front 100

The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of 33 percent solution of hemoglobin, known for O2 and aids in CO2 transport. Aids in buffering of ___ Cytoplasm also contains enzyme, CAH that catalyzes the reaction CO2 + H20 both ways H2CO3.

Back 100

ph

Front 101

The most important electrolye is =====

Back 101

sodium

Front 102

The most abundant cation is _____

Back 102

sodium

Front 103

The osmolarity of blood, stemming mainly from RBCs, proteins, and sodium governs its water content and is thus a major factor in blood _____ and pressure.The protein contribution to osmolarity is the _____ osmotic pressure. Plasma, a liquid = 55 percent and solids, or formed ____ = 45 percent.

Back 103

volume
colloid
elements

Front 104

The most important components of the cytoplasm are Hb and ____

Back 104

CAH or carbonic anahydrase

Front 105

Normal hemoglobin count or ___ is 13 to 18, higher in males than females. The quantities of RBC and Hb clinically important. Hematocrit =RBC volume/total volume blood and Hb= ____ and RBC count = ___. Normal averages lower in women than ___

Back 105

Hb
g/dL
RBCs/uL
men

Front 106

Polycythemia increases blood volume, pressure, and _____, to sometimes dangerous levels.

Back 106

viscosity

Front 107

An WBC deficiency called leukopenia may result from chemical or radiation poisoning, _____, and cancer.

Back 107

infections

Front 108

A WBC excess called ______
may result from infection, allergy, or from leukemia or cancer of ______ tissues.

Back 108

leukocytemia
hemopoietic

Front 109

Leukemia is classified by site of origin, as myeloid or _____. And by speed or progression as acute or chronic. Increases risk of infection and accompanied by ____ and platelet deficiencies.

Back 109

lymphoid
RBC

Front 110

Lifespan of RBC= 120 days and destroyed in _____on left hand side because on right hand side liver.

Back 110

spleen

Front 111

Blood types are determined by antigenic ______ and glycolipids on RBC surface. Incompatibility of one person's blood against another results from action of plasma antibodies against these RBC _____

Back 111

glycoproteins
antigens

Front 112

Hb consists of 4 proteisn: 2 alpha and 2 beta chains each with a heme ____

Back 112

moiety

Front 113

Shape of RBC _____ or donut shaped.The pigment of RBC is ______

Back 113

discoid
hemoglobin

Front 114

Hb consists of 4 molecules of oxygen in the center of 4 molecules of Fe. 2 forms Ferrous Fe2 and Ferric Form ___. Eat in form of Ferric but stomach converts to _____
Stored in Ferric form when used changed to Ferrous

Back 114

Fe3
Ferrous

Front 115

The percentage of erythocyte occupied by the blood = the _____

Back 115

hermatocrit

Front 116

Normal count of RBC in the blood

Back 116

4-6 million

Front 117

Ethropoises is the formation of

Back 117

erythrocytes

Front 118

The hormone that helps with the process of ethropoises is erythropoitin which is produced in the ______

Back 118

kidney

Front 119

3 things to look for in the RBC= 1RBC count, 2Hermatocrit 3 _____ which is normally 13-18.

Back 119

Hb

Front 120

Pernicious anemia caused by lack of _____ factor B-12 cofactor forms RBC. No vitamen B12. ______ of cells.

Back 120

intrinsic
Clumping

Front 121

An Rh negative person who is exposed to ____ RBCs or childbirth develops an anti-D antibody. Later exposures to Rh+ cells can cause a transfusion reaction.

Back 121

Rh+

Front 122

Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh- woman and an Rh+ fetus can cause ______disease of the newborn, a severe neonatal anemia that must be treated by phototherapy or transfusion.

Back 122

hemolytic

Front 123

The Rh blood group is inherited through genes called --, -----, and ___. Anyone with genotype DD or Dd is Rh+.

Back 123

C, D, and E

Front 124

Platelets or thrombocytes are disc shaped structures without ______

Back 124

nuclei

Front 125

Platelets are fragments derived from megakaryocytes and are involved in ______

Back 125

clotting

Front 126

Normal blood contains 140,000- ______ platelets/uL

Back 126

400,000

Front 127

Hemostasis refers to the stoppage of _____. It involves vascular spasm, platelet plug _____, and blood clotting or ____

Back 127

bleeding
formation
coagulation

Front 128

Platelet plug formation involves the aggregation of platelets to stop ______

Back 128

bleeding.

Front 129

A clot is a network of insoluble ______ fibers or fibrin, in which formed elements of blood are trapped.

Back 129

protein

Front 130

The chemical involved in clotting are known as clottting or _______ factors.

Back 130

coagulation

Front 131

A neutrophil is the most abundant ______. 70percent and multi=segmented.

Back 131

granulocyte

Front 132

A neutrophil is polymorphically nuclear ______ or PML

Back 132

leukocyte

Front 133

Neutrophils increase in infection or _______

Back 133

inflammation

Front 134

A basophil is the least abundant WBC and looks a neutrophil with ______

Back 134

granules

Front 135

A basophil secretes histamine, serotonin, and heparin. It increases in ______

Back 135

allergies

Front 136

Monocytes are the biggest WBC, a kidney shaped nucleus. Phagocytic removal of damaged cells. )______ come from moncytes.

Back 136

macrophages

Front 137

There are 2 types of lymphocytes: T and ___lymphocytes. B lymphocytes form antibodies thru ++++ cells. There are 2 types of T lymphocytes. T helper is reduced in AIDS and HIV. They get opportunistic infection. There is also T killer. T T has to do with immunity.

Back 137

B
plasma

Front 138

Eosinphil have 2 nuclei. They are for allergies and _____ infections.

Back 138

parasitic

Front 139

Anticoagulants like _____ prevent clotting.

Back 139

heparin

Front 140

Decreased WBC count is associated with ______. And linked with drugs, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Back 140

leukopenia

Front 141

Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions that may be divided into 3 stages: formation of ______, conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, and conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.

Back 141

promthrombinase

Front 142

Clotting is initiated by the interplay of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood ----------

Back 142

clotting

Front 143

Normal coagulation requires vitamen K, a clotting factor, and is followed by clot retraction (tightening of the clot) and ultimately fibrinolysis or ________ of the clot.

Back 143

dissolution

Front 144

Clotting is an unbroken blood vessel called _______. A thrombus that moves from its orgin is called an embolus.

Back 144

thrombosis

Front 145

The immature cells, megakarocytes become platelets or ++++++

Back 145

thrombocytes

Front 146

Three stages in clot formation: Enzyme Prothrombinase is activated. 2. Prothrombinase converts to Prothrombin into Thrombin. 3 Thrombin converts ______, an insoluble into fibrin or clot.

Back 146

Fribinogen

Front 147

A clot in a vessel that does not move is _______

Back 147

thrombosis

Front 148

A clot that moves is ______

Back 148

embolus

Front 149

Leukopoises is the formation of ++++ from mylocytes.

Back 149

leukopoises

Front 150

There ae 13 clotting ____

Back 150

factors

Front 151

Neg blood can only be received from a _____person

Back 151

neg

Front 152

Hemoglobin is formed in the

Back 152

spleen