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265 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
where is blood normally confined to
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within the heart and vessels
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what does blood carry 6-
OCD-NWH-IW |
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones, ions and water
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how does blood maintain homeostasis 3 things
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regulates ph, hemorraging, and fights infections
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what is blood classified as
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connective tissue
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what is blood composed of
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BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETTS
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what is plasma
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the liquid portion of the blood
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what is the only fluid tissue of the body
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blood
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what is the alkilinty of blood
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7.35 and 7.45
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blood is ___ than water and __ times more viscour
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heavier, 4 times
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what is the average of blood in the male
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5-6 liters
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what is the average blood in femalesq
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4-5
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how much weight in the human body is blood
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8%
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what percentage of plasma is water
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55
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what makes up 45 percent of blood volume
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blood cells and platelets
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what percentage of blood volume is red blood cells
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almost 45
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waht percentage of blood volume is white blood cells and platelets
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1 percent
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what are red blood cells also called
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erythrocytes
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what are erythrocytes (SHAPE) and what do they do
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tiny, biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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what direction do RBC transport oxygen
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toward body cells
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what direction do RBC transport carbon dioxide
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away from the body cells
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what is an advantage of biconclave blood cell
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provide maximum space to absorb
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where does the oxygen exchange occur at
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capillaries
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if you live in a higher altitude does that affect does that affect your blood production
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yes, greater RBC production to get more to get more oxygen.
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explain how blood is centrifuged
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red blood cells sink to the bottom, plasma forms the top layer, and white blood cells and platelets form a thin layer between the two.
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what do mature erythrocytes lack
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a nucleus
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what is present in immature RBCs that isn't in mature erythrocytes
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a nucleus
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what percentage of erythrocytes consists of hemoglobin
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33
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what does hemoglobin do in refrence to color
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its the red pigment that gives blood the red color
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what does hemoglobin consist of 4
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heme, iron and globe, protein
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what is hemoglobin do in refrences to oxygen
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it transports oxygen
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what other minor role does does hemoglobin play
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transport carbon dioxide
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how does oxygen get into the blood
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when blood flows through the lungs, oxygen diffusesfrom air sacs and goes into the blood
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when oxygen combines with hemoglobin what does it form
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oxyhemoglobin
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what color does oxyhemoglobin give off
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bright red
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what color does deoxyhemoglobin give off
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dark red
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what does deoxyhemoglobin carry
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carbon dioxide
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what are the most abundant blood cells
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erythrocytes, RBC
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what is a red blood cell count
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routine clinical test to determine the number of red blood cells ina cubic milimeter
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why are there more RBC in males than females
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males have a higher metabolic rate and a greater concentration of RBC is needed to provide oxygen to the cells
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prior to birth where are RBC produced
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in the liver or spleen
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after birth where are RBC produced
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IN red marrow only
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what system varies erythrocyte production
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negative feedback
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what is erythropoietin
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a hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBC
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HOW Is erythropoietin produced
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when blood concentraite is low, its a hormone released by the kidneys and liver
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what is hypoxia
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low oxygen in blood
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why is a low level of erythropoietin always present
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to mainain RBC at a basal rate
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what 4 things are required for erythrocyte production IFAB12
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iron, folic acid, and b12
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why is iron required for hemoglobin synthesis
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because hemoglobin has 4 atoms of iron
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what are hemocytoblasts
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what all blood cells are formed from
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what forms erythrocytes
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hemocytoblasts
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what happens after hemocytoblasts form erythrocytes before maturing and going into circulation
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they pass through several develpmental stages
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what is the life span of a rbc
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120 days
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how many rbc are produced per second
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2 million
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what 2 organs remove worn out rbcs
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in the liver and spleen
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what removes rbc
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phagocytic cells
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what are macrophages
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phagocytic cells
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how do macrophages remove erythrocytes
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they engulf and digest them
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what is the heme portion of hemoglobin broken down into
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bilirubin
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what is bilirubin 2 things
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iron containing compound and yellow pigment
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where is bilirubin stored temporary and where does it go
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temporarily in liver until it goes into the red bone marrow
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what does bilirubin do
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it helps form more hemoglobin
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WHICH ORGAN SECRETES BILIRUBEN and what does it go into
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by the liver in the bile
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where is bilirubin carried to
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into the small intestine by a bile duct
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what are wbc
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white blood cells
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what are white blood cells also called
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leukocytes
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what are leukocytes derived from
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hemocytoblasts
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what to ALL wbc have
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nucleus
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when does wbc production increase
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whenever cells encounter disease causing organisms
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what do leukocytes do3things
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defense against disease , either promote or decrease inflammation
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where do the functions of leukocytes get performed
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within the tissue
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what can wbcs do that is special
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move through the walls into tissues responding to damage
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how do wbcs know something is damaged
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they follow a chemical trail
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what happens after the wbc go to a damage site
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they attack and destroy dead cells and foreign substances
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how do leukocytes move
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through ameboid movement
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describe ameboid movement
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flowing extensions of cytoplasm that pull cell alon
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how do wbcs destroy pathogens 3 ways
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by phagocytes, or releasing chemicals that clump pathogens together and help phagocytes , or releasing chemicals that kill pathogens
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how many types of leukocytes are there
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5
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what are leukocytes grouped into
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granulocytes and agranulocytes
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what is the difference inbetween branulocytes and agranulocytes
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granulocytes have granuls in their cytoplasm
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what distinguishes the five types of white blood cells
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the shape of the nucleus
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what is the most abundant leukocyte
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the granulocyte neutrophil
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how many lobes in the nucleus does the neutrophil have
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2-5 or 3-5
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hwat color are the granules in neutrophiL
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lavander
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what percentage of neutrophils in wbcs
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60-70
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what is a eosinophils granul or agranul
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it is a granulocyte
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how many lobes nucli does eosinophil have if its bilobed
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bilobed nucleus with 2 lobes
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what color does Eosinophil granules stain
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rEd
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what are basophils AGRANUL or granul
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granulocytes
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how many nuclei/ lobes do basophils have
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1 u shaped nuclei/lobe
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what color are Basophil granules
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blue
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what is a lymphocytes agranul or granul
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an agranulocytes
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what is the smallest leukocyte
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lymphocyte, agranular
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how many lobes/ nuclei does a lymphocyte have
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one spherical nucleus with very little surrounding cytoplasm
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what is a monocyte agranule or granul
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agranulocyte
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how many nuclei/lobes does a monocyte have
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one kidney shaped nucleus and a large amount of cytoplasm
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what is the largest white blood cell
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monocyte
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what are neutrophils attracted to
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chemicals of damaged tissue
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who responds first to damaged tissue
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neutrophils
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how do neutrophils kill
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phagocytosis
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what does phagocytosis release
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release an enzyme called lysozyme which destroys bacteria
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what are thrombocytes
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platelets
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what do thrombocytes do 2
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clump together to plug and start clotting
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what color is plasma
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straw
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plasma consist of how much water
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90 percent
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what does water do in plasma
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liquid carrier of plasma solutes
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what are the most abundant solute in plasma
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plasma proteins
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what are the three major groups of plasma proteins
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albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
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what organ produces plasma protiens
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liver
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albumins what 2 things do they do
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a buffer that helps ph blood level , maintain osmotic pressure
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what percent of albumins is there in protein plasma
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60
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what is osmotic pressure
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determines the water balance between blood and body cells
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what happens if osmotic pressure declines
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causes water to move into tissues and swelling known as edema
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what happens if osmotic pressure increases
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water moves into the blood increasing pressure and reducing the amount of water available to cells
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what are the 3 types globulins
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alpha beta and gamma
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what do alpoha and beta globulins do
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carry lipids and fat soluble vitamins in blood
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what are gamma
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antibodies
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what do fibrogen do
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help clot blood
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what are electrolytes
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ions of inorganic compounds
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where do electrolytes come from 2 places
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absorbed from intestines or released from body cells
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what 2 things do electrolytes do
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they help mainain osmotic pressure and ph plasma
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give examples of electrolytes 4 elements
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sodium potassium calcium phosphate
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what is hemostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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what are the 3 processes of hemostasis
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blood vessel spasm, platelet plus formation, and blood clot formation.
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what is the first responce of a damaged blood vessel
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vascular spasm
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what does a vascular spasm do
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restricts blood loss
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what is a vascular spasm
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a spasm that restricts blood loss from damaged vessel and it lasts for several minutes
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what does a vascular spasm allow
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time for formation of the platelet plug and clotting
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what do the platelets secrete
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seratonin
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do platelets normally stick to each other
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no
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when do platelets stick to each other
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when a vessel is damagedand the underlying connective tissue is torn
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what to platelets stick to
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the negatively charged connective tissue
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the formation of the platelet plug may not seal the damage, but what will it do
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set the stage for blood clot formation
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what is the third most effective process of hemostasis
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coagulation
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what 2 things does blood contain that promotes or inhibits clotting
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procoagulants, and anticoagulants
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what is the difference inbetween procoagulants and anticoagulants
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pro promotes clotting and anti inhibits clotting
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what is normally dominant procoagulants or anti
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anti, until a vessel is broken
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how does the clotting get restricted to the area that is damaged
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because that is where procoagulants dominate anti
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how are blood types determined
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by antigens
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what are antigens
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special proteins located on the plasma membrane of erythrocytes
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what is agglutination
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the clumping of foreeign rbc
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what is part of the cardiovascular system
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the heart and blood vessels
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what system does the heart pump blood through
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closed
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where do arteries carry blood
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away from the heart to the capillaries
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where do veins carry blood
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from the capillaries back to the heart
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what color carries deoxygenated blood
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blue
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what color carries oxygenated
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red
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where is the heart located
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in the mediasinum in the thoracic cavity
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how many chambers does the heart have
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4
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where is the apex of the heart pointed to
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the left side of the thorax
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what is the pericardium
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membraneous sac around the heart
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what are the two layers of the pericardium
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outer fibrous pericardium, and inner parietal pericardium
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describe the fibrous pericardium
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outer, tough supporting membrane that is attached to the diaphram
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describe the pareital pericardium
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inner, lines the fibrous and forms back in itself to form the visceral pericardium
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what is the visceral pericardium
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thin outer layer of the heart wall
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what is the visceral pericardium also called
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epicardium
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what type of membrane is the parietal and the visceral
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serous membranes
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what do the parietal and visceral secrete
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serous fluid
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where do the pericardia secrete serous fluid into
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pericardial cavity
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what is serous fluid used for
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reducing friction because membranes rub against each other when heart beats
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what is the myocardium
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thick layer of cardiac muscle tissue
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where is the myocardium located
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inbetween 2 thin membranes
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what does the myocardium provide
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the force that pumps the blood through the blood vessels
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what is the epicardium also called
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the visceral pericardium
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what is epicardium
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thin membrane that is attached to the exterior surface of the myocardium
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where are the blood vessels that nourish the heart located
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within the epicardium
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what is the internal surface of the myocardium covered with
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endocardium
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what is the endocardium
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a single layer of squamous epithelium lining the myocardium internally
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what lines the chambers of the heart
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endocardium
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what are the 2 upper chambers of the heart called
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atria
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what do the atria do
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receive blood being returned to the heart by the veins.
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what are the two lower chambers of heart called
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ventricles
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what do the ventricles do
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pump blood into the arteries carrying blood away from the heart
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what seperates the atria
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atrial septum
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what seperates the ventricles
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intraventricular septum
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how do walls of the atria compare to walls of the ventricle
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the walls of the atria are thinner
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how do the walls of the left ventricle compare to the right
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left is thicker because it pumps to the whole body except the lungs, right only pumps to the lungs
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what are the 2 types of valves in the heart
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atrioventricular, and semilunar
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where is the atrioventricular valve located
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atrium and its corresponding ventricle
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what is av valves formed of
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connective tissue
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av valves prevent what
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backflow into the atrium
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what is the av valve inbetween the right atrium and ventricle called
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tricuspid
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what is the av valve inbetween the left
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bicuspid
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where are semilunar valves located at
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the bases of the large arteries
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where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located at
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the base of the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle
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where is the aortic semilunar valve located at
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base of the aorta
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what is each semilunar valve composed of
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3 pocketlike cusps of fibrous connective tissue
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what do the semilunar valves do
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allow blood to be pumped from the ventricle into the arteries and of course prevent backflow
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what does the cardiac cycle include
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both contraction and relaxations
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what is a contraction known as
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systole
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what is relaxation known as
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diastole
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when the ventricles are relaxed
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the atria is contract
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when the atria are relax
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the ventricles contract
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what produces the sounds of the heart
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the closing of the valves
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blood is _____ as it flows through the lungs and becomes ____as it releases oxygen to body tissues
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oxygenated, deoxygenated
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what recieves deoxygenated blood
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right atrium
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from what parts of the body does the right atrium recieve blood from
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all parts of body except lungs
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what does the atrium recieve blood from
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2 large veins, superior and inferior vena cava
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what does the superior vena cava do
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returns blood from the head neck and arms
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what does the inferior vena cava do
|
returns blood from body regions below the heart
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what supplies blood
|
left and right coronary arteries
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what causes a heart attaack
|
blockage of the coronary artery
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where does pulmonary circulation go
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to lungs
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where does systemic ciculation go
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to body
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what is the conduction system
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specialized muscle tissue that forms impulses and sends them to the myocardium
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what does the conduction system consist of
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sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, av bundle and purkinje fibers
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what is the sinoatrial node
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the pace maker of the heart
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how many electrical impulses does the sinoatrial node make
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70-80 per minute
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where is the sinoatrial node located at
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the right atrium of the heart
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what does the sinoatrial node do
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rhythmicall forms impulses
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where are the impulses transmited to
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the myocardium
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after the impulses go to the myocardium of the atria it simultaneously does what
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contraction of the atria and at the same time contracts av node
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where is the atrioventricular node located at
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right atrium
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and at the same time impulse is sent where
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atrioventricular node
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from the av node where is the electrical impulse
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to the av bundle
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what is the av bundle
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group of large fibers that divide into left and right branches
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where are the purkinje fibers located at
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the branches of the av bundle
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what do the purkinje fibers do
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carry the impulse to the ventricle
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what does the distribution of the av bundle and purkinje fibers do
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causes the ventricles to contract forcing blood up
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what does an electrocardiogram do
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detects transmission of impulses of the heart
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what are the 3 distinct waves that an ekg or ecg
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p wave, qrs wave, and t wave
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what produces the p wave
|
depolarization of the atria
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what produces qrs wave
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depolarization of the ventricles
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why is the qrs wave bigger
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the ventricle muscle is bigger
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what produces the t wave
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the repolariztion of the ventricular myocardium
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what regulates heart rate
|
cardiac center
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where is the cardiac center located at
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within the medulla
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what does the cardiac center consist of
|
sympathetic andparasympathetic components
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sympathetic fibers cause heart rate to
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increase
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parasympathetic fibers cause heart rate to
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decrease
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the transmission of impulses cause the sympathetic fibers to secrete what
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norepinepherine
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what does the secretion of norepenephrine do
|
increases heart rate and strengthens myocardial contraction
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what do the parasympathetic fibers secrete
|
acetylcholine
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what does acetylcholine do
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decreases heart rate
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where do the arteries carry the blood
|
away from the heart
|
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what are arterioles
|
microscopic arteries
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what do arterioles connect with
|
capillaries
|
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what are the most numerous and smallest blood vessels
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capillaries
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what do the arteries do
|
carry blood from the heart to the capillaries
|
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what is the structure of the arteries
|
relativeley think muscular layer to withstand higher blood pressure
|
|
what do capillaries do
|
enable the exchange of materials between blood and tissue cells
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what is the structure of capillaries
|
microscopic vessels composed of a single layer if endothelial cells
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what do the veins do
|
return blood from the capillaries to the heart
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what si sthe structure of the veins
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thin muscular layer with valves to prevents backflow
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where are capillaries abundant in
|
active tissues
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where are capillaries absent in
|
cartilage, epidermis, and cornea of eye
|
|
what are the precapillary sphincter
|
smooth muscles fibers at the base
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what do the precapillary sphincters do
|
control blood flow in capillary
|
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describe contraction and relaxtion with precap sphincter
|
contraction inhibits blood flow relaxtion allows blood flow
|
|
what is interstitial fluid
|
extracellular fluid
|
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what is interstitial fluid also called
|
tissue fluid
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where is interstitial fluid located at
|
between tissue cells and capillaries
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after the glood flows through the capillaries where does it go
|
to the venules
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what are venules
|
smallest veins
|
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what may veins be considered as
|
storage areas for blood
|
|
how does blood flow
|
blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
|
|
blood flow is fastest where and slowest where
|
fastest in the aorta and slowest in the capillaries
|
|
what does the term blood pressure usually refer to
|
arterial blood pressure in the systemic cicuit
|
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when is arterial blood pressure the greatest
|
during ventricular contraction (systole)
|
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what is the systolic blood pressure
|
during ventricular contraction
|
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what is diastolic blood pressure
|
when ventricular relaxation (diastole) occurs
|
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what is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure known as
|
pulse pressure
|
|
what 4 things affect blood pressure
|
cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance and blood viscosity
|
|
what is cardiac output
|
volume of blood pumped by the heart in one min
|
|
what determines cardiac output
|
heart rate and volume of blood
|
|
what is peripheral resistance
|
the friction of blood against the walls of blood vessels
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