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265 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
where is blood normally confined to
within the heart and vessels
what does blood carry 6-
OCD-NWH-IW
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones, ions and water
how does blood maintain homeostasis 3 things
regulates ph, hemorraging, and fights infections
what is blood classified as
connective tissue
what is blood composed of
BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETTS
what is plasma
the liquid portion of the blood
what is the only fluid tissue of the body
blood
what is the alkilinty of blood
7.35 and 7.45
blood is ___ than water and __ times more viscour
heavier, 4 times
what is the average of blood in the male
5-6 liters
what is the average blood in femalesq
4-5
how much weight in the human body is blood
8%
what percentage of plasma is water
55
what makes up 45 percent of blood volume
blood cells and platelets
what percentage of blood volume is red blood cells
almost 45
waht percentage of blood volume is white blood cells and platelets
1 percent
what are red blood cells also called
erythrocytes
what are erythrocytes (SHAPE) and what do they do
tiny, biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
what direction do RBC transport oxygen
toward body cells
what direction do RBC transport carbon dioxide
away from the body cells
what is an advantage of biconclave blood cell
provide maximum space to absorb
where does the oxygen exchange occur at
capillaries
if you live in a higher altitude does that affect does that affect your blood production
yes, greater RBC production to get more to get more oxygen.
explain how blood is centrifuged
red blood cells sink to the bottom, plasma forms the top layer, and white blood cells and platelets form a thin layer between the two.
what do mature erythrocytes lack
a nucleus
what is present in immature RBCs that isn't in mature erythrocytes
a nucleus
what percentage of erythrocytes consists of hemoglobin
33
what does hemoglobin do in refrence to color
its the red pigment that gives blood the red color
what does hemoglobin consist of 4
heme, iron and globe, protein
what is hemoglobin do in refrences to oxygen
it transports oxygen
what other minor role does does hemoglobin play
transport carbon dioxide
how does oxygen get into the blood
when blood flows through the lungs, oxygen diffusesfrom air sacs and goes into the blood
when oxygen combines with hemoglobin what does it form
oxyhemoglobin
what color does oxyhemoglobin give off
bright red
what color does deoxyhemoglobin give off
dark red
what does deoxyhemoglobin carry
carbon dioxide
what are the most abundant blood cells
erythrocytes, RBC
what is a red blood cell count
routine clinical test to determine the number of red blood cells ina cubic milimeter
why are there more RBC in males than females
males have a higher metabolic rate and a greater concentration of RBC is needed to provide oxygen to the cells
prior to birth where are RBC produced
in the liver or spleen
after birth where are RBC produced
IN red marrow only
what system varies erythrocyte production
negative feedback
what is erythropoietin
a hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBC
HOW Is erythropoietin produced
when blood concentraite is low, its a hormone released by the kidneys and liver
what is hypoxia
low oxygen in blood
why is a low level of erythropoietin always present
to mainain RBC at a basal rate
what 4 things are required for erythrocyte production IFAB12
iron, folic acid, and b12
why is iron required for hemoglobin synthesis
because hemoglobin has 4 atoms of iron
what are hemocytoblasts
what all blood cells are formed from
what forms erythrocytes
hemocytoblasts
what happens after hemocytoblasts form erythrocytes before maturing and going into circulation
they pass through several develpmental stages
what is the life span of a rbc
120 days
how many rbc are produced per second
2 million
what 2 organs remove worn out rbcs
in the liver and spleen
what removes rbc
phagocytic cells
what are macrophages
phagocytic cells
how do macrophages remove erythrocytes
they engulf and digest them
what is the heme portion of hemoglobin broken down into
bilirubin
what is bilirubin 2 things
iron containing compound and yellow pigment
where is bilirubin stored temporary and where does it go
temporarily in liver until it goes into the red bone marrow
what does bilirubin do
it helps form more hemoglobin
WHICH ORGAN SECRETES BILIRUBEN and what does it go into
by the liver in the bile
where is bilirubin carried to
into the small intestine by a bile duct
what are wbc
white blood cells
what are white blood cells also called
leukocytes
what are leukocytes derived from
hemocytoblasts
what to ALL wbc have
nucleus
when does wbc production increase
whenever cells encounter disease causing organisms
what do leukocytes do3things
defense against disease , either promote or decrease inflammation
where do the functions of leukocytes get performed
within the tissue
what can wbcs do that is special
move through the walls into tissues responding to damage
how do wbcs know something is damaged
they follow a chemical trail
what happens after the wbc go to a damage site
they attack and destroy dead cells and foreign substances
how do leukocytes move
through ameboid movement
describe ameboid movement
flowing extensions of cytoplasm that pull cell alon
how do wbcs destroy pathogens 3 ways
by phagocytes, or releasing chemicals that clump pathogens together and help phagocytes , or releasing chemicals that kill pathogens
how many types of leukocytes are there
5
what are leukocytes grouped into
granulocytes and agranulocytes
what is the difference inbetween branulocytes and agranulocytes
granulocytes have granuls in their cytoplasm
what distinguishes the five types of white blood cells
the shape of the nucleus
what is the most abundant leukocyte
the granulocyte neutrophil
how many lobes in the nucleus does the neutrophil have
2-5 or 3-5
hwat color are the granules in neutrophiL
lavander
what percentage of neutrophils in wbcs
60-70
what is a eosinophils granul or agranul
it is a granulocyte
how many lobes nucli does eosinophil have if its bilobed
bilobed nucleus with 2 lobes
what color does Eosinophil granules stain
rEd
what are basophils AGRANUL or granul
granulocytes
how many nuclei/ lobes do basophils have
1 u shaped nuclei/lobe
what color are Basophil granules
blue
what is a lymphocytes agranul or granul
an agranulocytes
what is the smallest leukocyte
lymphocyte, agranular
how many lobes/ nuclei does a lymphocyte have
one spherical nucleus with very little surrounding cytoplasm
what is a monocyte agranule or granul
agranulocyte
how many nuclei/lobes does a monocyte have
one kidney shaped nucleus and a large amount of cytoplasm
what is the largest white blood cell
monocyte
what are neutrophils attracted to
chemicals of damaged tissue
who responds first to damaged tissue
neutrophils
how do neutrophils kill
phagocytosis
what does phagocytosis release
release an enzyme called lysozyme which destroys bacteria
what are thrombocytes
platelets
what do thrombocytes do 2
clump together to plug and start clotting
what color is plasma
straw
plasma consist of how much water
90 percent
what does water do in plasma
liquid carrier of plasma solutes
what are the most abundant solute in plasma
plasma proteins
what are the three major groups of plasma proteins
albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
what organ produces plasma protiens
liver
albumins what 2 things do they do
a buffer that helps ph blood level , maintain osmotic pressure
what percent of albumins is there in protein plasma
60
what is osmotic pressure
determines the water balance between blood and body cells
what happens if osmotic pressure declines
causes water to move into tissues and swelling known as edema
what happens if osmotic pressure increases
water moves into the blood increasing pressure and reducing the amount of water available to cells
what are the 3 types globulins
alpha beta and gamma
what do alpoha and beta globulins do
carry lipids and fat soluble vitamins in blood
what are gamma
antibodies
what do fibrogen do
help clot blood
what are electrolytes
ions of inorganic compounds
where do electrolytes come from 2 places
absorbed from intestines or released from body cells
what 2 things do electrolytes do
they help mainain osmotic pressure and ph plasma
give examples of electrolytes 4 elements
sodium potassium calcium phosphate
what is hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
what are the 3 processes of hemostasis
blood vessel spasm, platelet plus formation, and blood clot formation.
what is the first responce of a damaged blood vessel
vascular spasm
what does a vascular spasm do
restricts blood loss
what is a vascular spasm
a spasm that restricts blood loss from damaged vessel and it lasts for several minutes
what does a vascular spasm allow
time for formation of the platelet plug and clotting
what do the platelets secrete
seratonin
do platelets normally stick to each other
no
when do platelets stick to each other
when a vessel is damagedand the underlying connective tissue is torn
what to platelets stick to
the negatively charged connective tissue
the formation of the platelet plug may not seal the damage, but what will it do
set the stage for blood clot formation
what is the third most effective process of hemostasis
coagulation
what 2 things does blood contain that promotes or inhibits clotting
procoagulants, and anticoagulants
what is the difference inbetween procoagulants and anticoagulants
pro promotes clotting and anti inhibits clotting
what is normally dominant procoagulants or anti
anti, until a vessel is broken
how does the clotting get restricted to the area that is damaged
because that is where procoagulants dominate anti
how are blood types determined
by antigens
what are antigens
special proteins located on the plasma membrane of erythrocytes
what is agglutination
the clumping of foreeign rbc
what is part of the cardiovascular system
the heart and blood vessels
what system does the heart pump blood through
closed
where do arteries carry blood
away from the heart to the capillaries
where do veins carry blood
from the capillaries back to the heart
what color carries deoxygenated blood
blue
what color carries oxygenated
red
where is the heart located
in the mediasinum in the thoracic cavity
how many chambers does the heart have
4
where is the apex of the heart pointed to
the left side of the thorax
what is the pericardium
membraneous sac around the heart
what are the two layers of the pericardium
outer fibrous pericardium, and inner parietal pericardium
describe the fibrous pericardium
outer, tough supporting membrane that is attached to the diaphram
describe the pareital pericardium
inner, lines the fibrous and forms back in itself to form the visceral pericardium
what is the visceral pericardium
thin outer layer of the heart wall
what is the visceral pericardium also called
epicardium
what type of membrane is the parietal and the visceral
serous membranes
what do the parietal and visceral secrete
serous fluid
where do the pericardia secrete serous fluid into
pericardial cavity
what is serous fluid used for
reducing friction because membranes rub against each other when heart beats
what is the myocardium
thick layer of cardiac muscle tissue
where is the myocardium located
inbetween 2 thin membranes
what does the myocardium provide
the force that pumps the blood through the blood vessels
what is the epicardium also called
the visceral pericardium
what is epicardium
thin membrane that is attached to the exterior surface of the myocardium
where are the blood vessels that nourish the heart located
within the epicardium
what is the internal surface of the myocardium covered with
endocardium
what is the endocardium
a single layer of squamous epithelium lining the myocardium internally
what lines the chambers of the heart
endocardium
what are the 2 upper chambers of the heart called
atria
what do the atria do
receive blood being returned to the heart by the veins.
what are the two lower chambers of heart called
ventricles
what do the ventricles do
pump blood into the arteries carrying blood away from the heart
what seperates the atria
atrial septum
what seperates the ventricles
intraventricular septum
how do walls of the atria compare to walls of the ventricle
the walls of the atria are thinner
how do the walls of the left ventricle compare to the right
left is thicker because it pumps to the whole body except the lungs, right only pumps to the lungs
what are the 2 types of valves in the heart
atrioventricular, and semilunar
where is the atrioventricular valve located
atrium and its corresponding ventricle
what is av valves formed of
connective tissue
av valves prevent what
backflow into the atrium
what is the av valve inbetween the right atrium and ventricle called
tricuspid
what is the av valve inbetween the left
bicuspid
where are semilunar valves located at
the bases of the large arteries
where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located at
the base of the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle
where is the aortic semilunar valve located at
base of the aorta
what is each semilunar valve composed of
3 pocketlike cusps of fibrous connective tissue
what do the semilunar valves do
allow blood to be pumped from the ventricle into the arteries and of course prevent backflow
what does the cardiac cycle include
both contraction and relaxations
what is a contraction known as
systole
what is relaxation known as
diastole
when the ventricles are relaxed
the atria is contract
when the atria are relax
the ventricles contract
what produces the sounds of the heart
the closing of the valves
blood is _____ as it flows through the lungs and becomes ____as it releases oxygen to body tissues
oxygenated, deoxygenated
what recieves deoxygenated blood
right atrium
from what parts of the body does the right atrium recieve blood from
all parts of body except lungs
what does the atrium recieve blood from
2 large veins, superior and inferior vena cava
what does the superior vena cava do
returns blood from the head neck and arms
what does the inferior vena cava do
returns blood from body regions below the heart
what supplies blood
left and right coronary arteries
what causes a heart attaack
blockage of the coronary artery
where does pulmonary circulation go
to lungs
where does systemic ciculation go
to body
what is the conduction system
specialized muscle tissue that forms impulses and sends them to the myocardium
what does the conduction system consist of
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, av bundle and purkinje fibers
what is the sinoatrial node
the pace maker of the heart
how many electrical impulses does the sinoatrial node make
70-80 per minute
where is the sinoatrial node located at
the right atrium of the heart
what does the sinoatrial node do
rhythmicall forms impulses
where are the impulses transmited to
the myocardium
after the impulses go to the myocardium of the atria it simultaneously does what
contraction of the atria and at the same time contracts av node
where is the atrioventricular node located at
right atrium
and at the same time impulse is sent where
atrioventricular node
from the av node where is the electrical impulse
to the av bundle
what is the av bundle
group of large fibers that divide into left and right branches
where are the purkinje fibers located at
the branches of the av bundle
what do the purkinje fibers do
carry the impulse to the ventricle
what does the distribution of the av bundle and purkinje fibers do
causes the ventricles to contract forcing blood up
what does an electrocardiogram do
detects transmission of impulses of the heart
what are the 3 distinct waves that an ekg or ecg
p wave, qrs wave, and t wave
what produces the p wave
depolarization of the atria
what produces qrs wave
depolarization of the ventricles
why is the qrs wave bigger
the ventricle muscle is bigger
what produces the t wave
the repolariztion of the ventricular myocardium
what regulates heart rate
cardiac center
where is the cardiac center located at
within the medulla
what does the cardiac center consist of
sympathetic andparasympathetic components
sympathetic fibers cause heart rate to
increase
parasympathetic fibers cause heart rate to
decrease
the transmission of impulses cause the sympathetic fibers to secrete what
norepinepherine
what does the secretion of norepenephrine do
increases heart rate and strengthens myocardial contraction
what do the parasympathetic fibers secrete
acetylcholine
what does acetylcholine do
decreases heart rate
where do the arteries carry the blood
away from the heart
what are arterioles
microscopic arteries
what do arterioles connect with
capillaries
what are the most numerous and smallest blood vessels
capillaries
what do the arteries do
carry blood from the heart to the capillaries
what is the structure of the arteries
relativeley think muscular layer to withstand higher blood pressure
what do capillaries do
enable the exchange of materials between blood and tissue cells
what is the structure of capillaries
microscopic vessels composed of a single layer if endothelial cells
what do the veins do
return blood from the capillaries to the heart
what si sthe structure of the veins
thin muscular layer with valves to prevents backflow
where are capillaries abundant in
active tissues
where are capillaries absent in
cartilage, epidermis, and cornea of eye
what are the precapillary sphincter
smooth muscles fibers at the base
what do the precapillary sphincters do
control blood flow in capillary
describe contraction and relaxtion with precap sphincter
contraction inhibits blood flow relaxtion allows blood flow
what is interstitial fluid
extracellular fluid
what is interstitial fluid also called
tissue fluid
where is interstitial fluid located at
between tissue cells and capillaries
after the glood flows through the capillaries where does it go
to the venules
what are venules
smallest veins
what may veins be considered as
storage areas for blood
how does blood flow
blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
blood flow is fastest where and slowest where
fastest in the aorta and slowest in the capillaries
what does the term blood pressure usually refer to
arterial blood pressure in the systemic cicuit
when is arterial blood pressure the greatest
during ventricular contraction (systole)
what is the systolic blood pressure
during ventricular contraction
what is diastolic blood pressure
when ventricular relaxation (diastole) occurs
what is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure known as
pulse pressure
what 4 things affect blood pressure
cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance and blood viscosity
what is cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by the heart in one min
what determines cardiac output
heart rate and volume of blood
what is peripheral resistance
the friction of blood against the walls of blood vessels