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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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laboratory analysis of blood
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- centrifugation of blood treated with anticoagulants
- bottom pellet: RBCs, hematocrit = estimation of pooled erythrocytes/ unit volume of blood [about 42-47%] - buffy coat = WBCs and platelets [~1%] - plasma |
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plasma constituents
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- proteins: albumin, immunoglobulins, coagulation proteins, lipoproteins, carrier proteins, hormones, vitamins
- mineral salts - water |
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serum
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- a protein rich fluid that is essentially the same as plasma but has no clotting factors
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erythrocytes (RBCs)
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- most abundent cells, essentially a bag of Hg, no nucleus
- ~ 120 day lifespan - Hb: 4 polypeptide chains each complexed with iron containing heme, concave shape, fcn is to carry gases - structural proteins: protein stroma, PM protein support cells and allow for flexibility - cell surface proteins (antigens)/blood typing -RBC production is based on tissue needs --hypoxia --hemorrhage --hormones |
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cell surface proteins
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- A, B, O [lacks A and B antigens]
- Rh factor: polypeptide expressing several antigens [C,D, and E]. Individual expresses any of the antigens = Rh+, addition expression of other surface antigens - Hemolytic disease of a newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis): mother lacks D antigen (Rh-), first child is Rh+, mother is sensitized to D antigen and produces antibodies. If future children are Rh+, maternal antibodies cross the placenta and lyse the fetal RBCs |
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anemia
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- decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
- decreased # of RBCs - defective or deficient Hb - sickle cell anemia: genetic mutation of Hb polypeptide |
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polycythemia
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increased erythrocyte count
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leukocytes (WBCs)
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- all leukocytes contain azurophilic granules which are primary lysosomes
- granular leukocytes also contain larger specific granules which contain different enzymes and other constituents - exhibit "rolling mechanism": process mediated by CAM, WBC adhere to EC of inner vessel wall and pass through vessel by diapedis - exhibit "homing mechanism" (chemotaxis): mediated by chemoattractants and matrix proteins |
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Granular leukocytes
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1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils 3. basophils |
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neutrophils
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- 60-70% of circulating WBCs, circulate in blood 6-7 hrs
- segmented nucleus - specific granules: collanganese, alkaline phosphatase, and bacteriocidal enzymes, also contain glycogen allowing for anerobic glycolysis - first line of defense, phagocytic, exhibit ambeoid movement - rolling mechanism is mediated by CAMs, attaches to the surface of the endothelial cells, then diapedesis through cap wall - homing mechanism is mediated by cytokines, during infection they promote homing of WBCs to the site of infection |
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eosinophils
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- 1-5% of circulating WBCs
- bi-lobed nucleus - specific granules: acidophillic granules: bacteriocidal enzymes, acid phosphatases, major basic protein - active in allergic reactions, phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes, destroy parasites, - secrete profibrotic factors |
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basophils
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- 1% of circulating WBCs
- bi-lobed nucleus is obscured by basophilic granules - specific granules: basophilic granules: heparin, histamine, eosinophilic chemotactic factor - similar fcn to mast cells, fcn in immune reactions, release histamine and heparin, involve IgE |
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agranular leukocytes
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contain azurophic granules but do not contain specific granules
1. monocytes 2. lymphocytes |
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monocytes
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- circulate in the blood for 12-100 hours
- large cell with indented nucleus - differentiates into either: macrophages, microglia, osteoclasts, kupffer cells |
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lymphocytes
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- 20-40% of circulating WBCs
- main types: T and B lymphocytes, and natural killers (NK) - round nucleus (T and B) or kidney shaped (NK), thin rim of cytoplasm and smaller than monocytes - B and T fcn in adaptive (aquired) immunity, NK are part of innate immunity - only blood cells return to the blood stream after residing in loose CT, lymphoid tissue, and lymph |
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platelets (thrombocytes)
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- derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes
- liver thromboprotein controls platelet formation, platelets bind and degrade thrombopoietin - circulate for 8-10 days - a variety of coagulation proteins and protein complexes are expressed and/or associated with platelets -- Von Willibrand factor associated with factor VIII[hemophilia Type A: defective or deficient factor VIII] -- Glycoprotein 1b-factor IX [hemophilia type B] |
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platelet structure
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outer to inner
- outer cell coat: glycoproteins that fcn in cellular adhesion - marginal bundle = hyalomere microtubules, - peripheral zone = hyalomere, contains actin and myosin which fcn in platelet movement and clot retraction - inner zone = glanulomere: consists of granules which contain platelet specific proteins, lysosomal enzymes, , granules which store serotonin taken up from the plasma - |
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thrombocytopenia
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- decreased platelets
- caused by decreased production or increased destruction of platelets - induced by drugs or autoantibodies to platelets or megakaryocytes |
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thrombocytosis
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increased platelets
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blood clot formation after injury to a blood vessel
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1. primary aggregation: platelets adhere to collagen of damaged vessel wall forming platelet plug. EC and platelets release serotonin which causes vessel constriction [break endothelium and factors are secreted, platelets then adhere to endothelial lining to form the plug this attracts additional factors]
2. secondary aggregation: platelets release adhesive substances which attract more platelets to the plug [this is the release of fibrin] 3. blood coagulation mechanism 4. clot retraction: actin, myosin 5. clot removal: endothelium repairs and EC release factors that stim the conversion of plasma protein plasminogen into plasmin which is proteolytic enzyme. Plasmin platelet lysosomal enzymes loosen the clot |
